draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
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‘Where is God?’<br />
b. 1watimai Ritamakate, aikiaRa tuyuka Ritamakate, upakatu makate Dios yuRiti muRa.<br />
1wati =mai Ritama =kate aikiaRa tuyuka Ritama =kate upa<br />
be.high.up =inact.nomz village =loc dem.prox.ms land village =loc all<br />
=katu<br />
=intsf<br />
makate<br />
where<br />
Dios<br />
God<br />
yuRiti<br />
be.in.place<br />
muRa<br />
3sg.ms<br />
‘God is in Heaven, on Earth, everywhere.’<br />
(see (6.4))<br />
5th Question-Response Pair The interrogative words differ in the corresponding questions in<br />
(5.5a) and (6.5a), where in the former we see aw1R1, and in the latter aw1R1ka ‘how many’. The<br />
form in the Fragment is reconstructable to Proto-Omagua-Kokama, on the basis <strong>of</strong> its appearance<br />
in Kokama, but the latter form is attested in modern Omagua. In (5.5a), aw1R1 combines with the<br />
interrogative clitic =pa, 380 but in (6.5a) aw1R1ka does not combine with either interrogative clitic,<br />
a restriction that is maintained synchronically (i.e., *aw1R1kapa). The responses to these questions<br />
differ (trivially) in whether Dios ‘God’ is present or not.<br />
6th Question-Response Pair The basic doctrinal issue addressed in the corresponding questions<br />
in Catechism Fragment and Full Catechism is the same, but the structure <strong>of</strong> the questions is<br />
somewhat different. In the Catechism Fragment, the question posed, regarding a number <strong>of</strong> entities<br />
in the natural world, is ‘Which <strong>of</strong> these is God?’, where the expected answer is ‘None <strong>of</strong> them’,<br />
while in the Full Catechism the question is ‘[are these things] not God?’, where the expected answer<br />
is ‘No, they are not God’. The Full Catechism also includes miaRa ‘animal’ (see footnote 180) in<br />
its list <strong>of</strong> possible entities with which God might be identified, while the fragment does not. With<br />
respect to grammatical issues, it is noteworthy that the Full Catechism employs the interrogative<br />
word maRi ‘what’ with an interrogative clitic in (9.28) to express ‘which’, where in the modern<br />
language we expect makatimai ‘which’, with no interrogative clitic. The Catechism Fragment does<br />
not have a corresponding element due to the different structure <strong>of</strong> the question, making it difficult<br />
to determine if the use <strong>of</strong> maRi ‘what’ in the Full Catechism would have been grammatical in Old<br />
Omagua at the time.<br />
(9.28) a. k w aRaSi, yas1, sesukana, w1Rakana, 1watakana weRanu, to maRitipa aikiaRakana Dios<br />
muRa?<br />
k w aRaSi yas1 sesu =kana<br />
sun moon star =pl.ms<br />
aikiaRa<br />
dem.prox.ms.pro<br />
=kana<br />
=pl.ms<br />
w1Ra =kana<br />
bird =pl.ms<br />
Dios muRa<br />
God 3sg.ms<br />
1wata =kana weRanu to maRi =tipa<br />
forest =pl.ms coord ? what =interr<br />
‘The sun, the moon, the stars, the birds and the forests, which <strong>of</strong> these is God?’<br />
b. nati maRai aikiaRa Dios muRa. Dios yaw1k1maipuRakana puRai Ranu.<br />
nati maRai aikiaRa<br />
Dios muRa<br />
neg.indef dem.prox.ms.pro God 3sg.ms<br />
Dios yaw1k1 =mai =puRa =kana puRai Ranu<br />
God make =inact.nomz =nom.pst =pl.ms merely 3pl.ms<br />
380 Note that this is one <strong>of</strong> the few instances in the ecclesiastical texts <strong>of</strong> =pa, which is the interrogative clitic used in<br />
the modern language. The clitic =tipa is much more common in the catechisms, but is absent in modern Omagua<br />
(see §2.3.5).<br />
146