draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
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the Full Catechism, and (9.15) from the Pr<strong>of</strong>ession <strong>of</strong> Faith, where the use <strong>of</strong> =aRi appears to be<br />
motivated by the partial semantic overlap between the Old Omaga diffuse locative =aRi and the<br />
Spanish preposition en.<br />
In (9.14), for example, the diffuse locative co-occurs with the verb saRa ‘await’, which in Omagua<br />
takes a direct object without requiring an adposition. The construction in (9.14) appears to be a<br />
direct calque <strong>of</strong> Spanish esperar en ‘have faith in’, where the use <strong>of</strong> saRa ‘await’ stems from the<br />
homophony <strong>of</strong> esperar ‘wait’ and ‘hope’, and use <strong>of</strong> the diffuse locative stems from the (overgeneralizing)<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> the diffuse locative with the Spanish preposition. 375 In order to make clear<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> the calque we gloss saRa as ‘await’ but translate it as ‘hope’ in the target translations<br />
given here.<br />
(9.14) nesaRatipa upakatu neĩyamukuikatu DiosaRi ene utSakana RatenepetaRi, neumanuRaSi, RaeRusuaRi<br />
ene sawa 1watimai Ritamakate, naRaSi?<br />
ne= saRa =tipa upa =katu ne= ĩya =mukui =katu Dios =aRi ene<br />
2sg= await =interr all =intsf 2sg= heart =com =intsf God =loc.diff 2sg<br />
utSa =kana Ra= tenepeta =aRi ne= umanu =RaSi Ra= eRusu =aRi ene<br />
sin =pl.ms 3sg.ms= forgive =impf 2sg= die =nass 3sg.ms= take =impf 2sg<br />
sawa 1wati =mai Ritama =kate naRaSi<br />
soul be.high.up =inact.nomz village =all ?<br />
‘Do you have faith in God, with all <strong>of</strong> your heart, that he will forgive your sins, and that<br />
when you die he will take your soul to Heaven?’<br />
(see (6.34a))<br />
A similar calque is found in (9.15), where the Spanish verb-plus-particle expression creer en<br />
‘believe in’ appears to be the basis <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> the diffuse locative with the Omagua verb sapiaRi<br />
‘believe, obey’. Note that sapiaRi is itself a transitive verb that takes a direct object with no need<br />
for a postpostion, and that, at least in modern Omagua, does not participate in a construction<br />
resembling that found in (9.15).<br />
(9.15) tayaRa jesucristo, aisetui dios, aisetui awa, enesemai tasapiaRi ene kumesamaikanaRi.<br />
ta= yaRa jesucristo aise -tui dios aise -tui awa ene =semai ta= sapiaRi<br />
1sg.ms= master Jesus.Christ true -? God true -? man 2sg =verid 1sg.ms= believe<br />
ene<br />
2sg<br />
kumesa<br />
say<br />
=mai<br />
=inact.nomz<br />
=kana<br />
=pl.ms<br />
=aRi<br />
=loc.diff<br />
‘My Lord Jesus Christ, true God, true man, I truly believe in you and your words.’<br />
(see (7.1))<br />
9.3.3 Semantic Extension <strong>of</strong> Lexical Items<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> Omagua linguistic forms in ways inconsistent with native speaker uses <strong>of</strong> those same<br />
items is not limited to functional morphemes, but extends to lexical items. An instance <strong>of</strong> semantic<br />
extension <strong>of</strong> an Omagua lexical item based on Spanish lexical semantics was already encountered<br />
in §9.3.2.3 where Omagua saRa ‘await’ was used to translate Spanish esperar ‘hope, await’, where<br />
375 Note that German, the native language <strong>of</strong> several Jesuit missionaries who worked among the Omagua, does not<br />
express the sense <strong>of</strong> ‘have faith in’ with a construction that would result in this type <strong>of</strong> calque (i.e., in X Vertrauen<br />
haben).<br />
139