The Contribution of Women to Peace and Reconciliation

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ior and able to benefit from all the spoils of their aggression, the struggle will continue and most probably will become worse and more intense. The doors could be opened or closed, intransigence or reconciliation could prevail, for all these are human-made. The struggle is between the just, the legal and the beneficial on the one side, and the unjust, the illegal and vicious on the other. The demand from all forces and people who want peace is clear: to concentrate their efforts on the essential and not get lost in the details. They should not be influenced by any propaganda, no matter how powerful it is, and they have to give all their positive support to the oppressed, and not equate between the two for the sake of an inappropriate neutrality. For a just and lasting solution, there must be clear reference with unambiguous criteria, applied with no confusion. The majority of the Palestinians believe that the international resolutions guarantee that respected and clear reference. Unless Israel is forced to accept a solution that gives the Palestinians what the UN resolutions and international law ensure, the chances for peace will remain remote, and the door to peace will be closed – but the doors of violence, extremism and terrorism will be opened. There are no secrets in this century-long conflict; the reasons for opening and closing doors for peace are known. The real intentions and the efforts needed are obvious, and are demanded of the parties, who can push for a real solution. In ancient, medieval and modern history, people have been subjected to different kinds of violence with their lives permanently affected by its implications, even when circumstances have changed. In the case of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, it is the continuation of the Israeli aggression that sustains the effects of the violence. There is no reason why history shouldn’t repeat itself: i.e. an agreement on peace-building could cancel the impacts of the violence that had occurred prior to a peace agreement. Forms of popular peaceful resistance Since the beginning of the Zionist colonial settlement activities in Palestine, the Palestinians used different forms of resistant, mostly popular. At the beginning of the twentieth century, people boycotted any Palestinian who sold land to a Jew or a Zionist organization. 209
One of the first collective popular acts was the Al Buraq Revolution of 1929, when the Palestinians demonstrated against the presence of the Jews at the Al Buraq Wall (the Western Wall). Another famous act was the general strike of 1936, which lasted for six months in Palestine. At that time, everybody all over Palestine was on strike against the Zionist colonial activities and against the British mandate, seeking the independence of Palestine. As mentioned above, after the Naqba, the Palestinians outside Israel were trying to gather and rebuild their destroyed society. The main weap on they used at that time was to concentrate on education; one could always hear that our only weapon against the Israelis and our most powerful means to win is education. That’s why the Palestinians have the highest rate of education in the Arab world. At the same time the Palestinians inside Israel were fighting peacefully against military rule, and for the preservation of their identity, language and education. After the adoption of the 1974 Programme of the PLO, the Palestinian political forces in the West Bank and Gaza started to mobilize people for resistance against occupation; thousands of Palestinians were arrested by the Israeli occupation forces. There was a growing anti-occupation resistance by demonstrations and strike. One of the main actions was the Land Day, March 30, 1967, when the Palestinians inside Israel dem - onstrated against the confiscation of their land, this was supported by the Palestinians all over the world, those who lived in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as the refugees who lived in the diaspora. All of them consider Land Day a symbol for the struggle against colonial settlement activities. Even in the 1970s, the Palestinians started to organize themselves in the occupied territory, and resisted the Israeli occupation authorities who tried to impose local councils in the cities. They participated in the elec - tions at that time, and elected people who represented the Palestinian Liberation Organization. During the ‘80s, the Palestinians continued with different forms of civil popular resistance, such as strikes, demonstrations, and volunteer move - ments to protect the land and provide services to the population in the 210
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The Contribution of Women to Peace
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Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Brussels
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PROJECT REPORT THE CONTRIBUTION OF
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tribunes and now at the Internation
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NGOs, but also through their own au
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Two world views: Peacebuilding and
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posing certain populations, raciall
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In the second work step, key questi
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so that in times of crisis, people
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confidence of the people, who frequ
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morial culture was to be forged, na
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in Bosnia-Herzegovina so far that t
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war, as the precondition for the pr
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of the conflicts have proven to be
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We can draw many lessons from the w
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mali elite, which competed with the
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The third stage, which I call warlo
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Shukria Dini concludes her report w
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To date, the women’s initiatives
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the expulsion of the Tutsi from Rwa
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In 1961, the destruction of the Tut
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against British facilities. The res
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Palestine There are no secrets in t
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At the same time, Lama Hourani reco
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tention for children with special n
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of the Golan Heights, the West Bank
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nations and clashes between the Isr
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� “Collective trauma and the ep
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has been an opportunity to exchange
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In July 2005, at a strategic planni
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Israeli peace movement is a weak, c
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total of thirty resolutions of the
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Yugoslavia is to some extent an exc
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Women’s networks show the effecti
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much of history remains alive in th
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Expansionist Serbian nationalism de
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structured, and the monarch was giv
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The representative of the constitue
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small organization with only some 3
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goslav state presented itself as th
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ered and led to painful realization
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longer returned to the countryside.
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the old national tensions. In the s
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The Programme for the Long-Term Con
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No rational analysis which balanced
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erships made several suggestions du
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first free elections in June 1990.
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overwhelm the others. The Serbian l
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change. In the underground and duri
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The anti-bureaucratic revolution wa
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war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and to br
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sary. Of course there were exceptio
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in 1918, it had satisfied the needs
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and intellectual elites who led the
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their experiences in court, the UN
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Resistance to the war in former Yug
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At a few places in Croatia, several
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of the Serbian government, and foun
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Working conditions for women’s or
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important war criminals, is creatin
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Many came to südost. It was not po
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was told about war and horror were
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The on-going conflict in Somalia is
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an effective strategy for the colon
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men, who profited from their coloni
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such as the liberation of Kuwait fr
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opportunity to emerge from the viol
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Ethiopia felt justified in military
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The manner of holding such discussi
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political insecurities, debt and po
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in the crossfire between government
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and have been the ones covering the
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As in other conflict zones, women i
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cess was held in Djibouti, which le
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Somali women used all kinds of crea
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The road to peace for Somalia curre
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The political administration of Rwa
Page 155 and 156: epresenting him. The God of Rwandan
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Page 159 and 160: Oct. 26, 1961: Grégoire Kayibanda
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Page 163 and 164: Western ideology: Ideology must her
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Page 169 and 170: jority - an “ethnic” majority w
Page 171 and 172: REPORT ON ISRAEL MOLLY MALEKAR, TEL
Page 173 and 174: The remarkable military victory of
Page 175 and 176: The continuous official Israeli pro
Page 177 and 178: The failure of Camp David and the S
Page 179 and 180: in a very intimate, yet sad, manner
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Page 183 and 184: Washington. Although they met sever
Page 185 and 186: tus in place of that of protected r
Page 187 and 188: The search for a strong leader who
Page 189 and 190: The cooperation with the system and
Page 191 and 192: Travelling often to the occupied te
Page 193 and 194: kind of “global trans-border sist
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Page 197 and 198: World War. The joint interests of t
Page 199 and 200: - twelve or thirteen-year-old boys
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Page 205: The lack of trust in the internatio
Page 209 and 210: Another form of the non-violent res
Page 211 and 212: estinian President Yasir Arafat’s
Page 213 and 214: Refugees remain most vulnerable und
Page 215 and 216: UNRWA also provides technical and v
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Page 219 and 220: services programmes to reduce pover
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Page 223 and 224: micro-credit programme, which is ma
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Page 227 and 228: Job creation UNRWA alleviates the i
Page 229 and 230: een no previous record. And on July
Page 231 and 232: REPORT ON WOMEN’S PEACE INITIATIV
Page 233 and 234: Council Resolution 1325 that calls
Page 235 and 236: sist on the resumption of negotiati
Page 237 and 238: The third activity of the IWC has f
Page 239 and 240: Looking retroactively to all the ye
Page 241 and 242: standing any more. He wanted me to
Page 243 and 244: I always had intensive contacts to
Page 245 and 246: Cultural events form a framework in
Page 247 and 248: INTERVIEW WITH SHUKRIA DINI, NAIROB
Page 249 and 250: With my education and experience, I
Page 251 and 252: INTERVIEW WITH YOLANDE MUKAGASANA,
Page 253 and 254: witness, and that’s the only thin
Page 255 and 256: Certainly I see myself living on th
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Today, we have been thrown back fur
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A very hard experience with war was
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had to teach me the paragraph about
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sein invaded Kuwait, which made it
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inging in other men and even childr
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I got out of Gaza in 2007. I still
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I faced a great challenge to do wel
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In the mid-’70s, Yasser Arafat an
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ANNEX PROJECT CONCEPT Women’s Con
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KEY POINTS FOR REPORTING ON CONFLIC
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� What role did the work of women
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USPID, Unione Scienziati per il Dis
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Toda Institute, for Global Peace an
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Yolande Mukagasana is a widow and s
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Rosa-Luxemburg-Foundation Brussels
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