The Contribution of Women to Peace and Reconciliation

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The Arab defeat and the birth of the refugee problem Despite initial setbacks, better organization and intelligence successes, as well as timely clandestine arms shipments, enabled the Jews to gain a decisive victory. The Arabs and Palestinians lost their initial advantage when they failed to organize and unite. When the fighting ended in 1949, Israel held territories beyond the boundaries set by the UN plan – a total of 78% of the area west of the Jordan River. The UN made no serious attempt to enforce the internationalization of Jerusalem, which was now divided between Jordan and Israel, and separated by barbed wire fences and no man’s land areas. The Arab countries refused to sign a permanent peace treaty with Israel. Consequently, the borders of Israel established by the armistice commission never received de jure international recognition. Arabs call the defeat and exile of the Palestinian Arabs in 1948 the Naqba – “the Disaster”. The war of 1967 and its aftermath The Arab world refused not only to sign any peace treaty with Israel, but as well never accepted de jure the creation of the State of Israel. The 1967 Six-Day-War changed the perceived balance of power in the Middle East and created a new reality. With the Sinai desert, the Golan Heights and the West Bank, Israel had acquired extensive territories sev - eral times larger than its 1948 borders. It must be mentioned here that the Israel-Arab war was nourished not only by the genuine conflict, but was also part of the Cold War between the two dominant powers of the time, the USA and the USSR. While Israel had acquired territories and a military victory, it also marked a new day for Palestinian aspirations. The defeat brought about a million Palestinian Arabs under Israeli rule. After the war, the fate of the Palestinians came to play a large role in the Arab-Israeli struggle. Religious and nationalist groups began agitating for annexation and set - tlement of areas in the West Bank and Golan Heights. 174
The remarkable military victory of Israel gave rise to, or rather, encour - aged the existing messianic and religious sentiments. These elements, which had been “tamed” or “monitored” by the more secular and socialist leadership of the Zionist movement and the State of Israel, now flourished, and dictated policy to the mainstream of Israeli politics and to decision-makers. Meanwhile however, after the opposition right-wing Likud party came to power in 1977, settlement expansion became official Israeli policy, which it continued to be even after the Oslo Accords of the mid-’90s, the peace process which followed upon the first Palestinian Intifada. That was a symbolic turning point in the history of the conflict, as it ended the era of secular and socialist oriented leadership by the Labour Party. The settlement of the occupied territory as an official and open policy of the new government was not only a political change, but a social and economic transformation as well. The socialist economic and social structure which had previously prevailed was now transferred from the State of Israel to the occupied territories – and its benefits restricted to the Jewish settlers. The government offered huge subsidies and benefits to the Israeli-Jew - ish citizens, who moved to build their centre of life in the occupied territories. The huge allocation of national budget for the settlements and settlers, at the expense of the citizens living within the Green Line (pre- 1967 Israel), was attractive for to the less privileged elements of society and those living in poor development towns in “the periphery” – areas remote from the core areas of Israel. The First Intifada Since the Six-Day War of June 1967, Israel had occupied Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. After some initial violence in 1970, it was relatively quite in the occupied territories. Borders were open. Israelis went shopping in the West Bank and Gaza. Thousands of Palestinians went to work to Israel daily. From the Israeli point of view, this reality could have lasted forever, but the Palestinians were displeased with the occupation. They saw their land slowly disappearing, especially after the right-wing Likud Party came into government in 1977. Israel did not im- 175
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The Contribution of Women to Peace
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Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Brussels
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PROJECT REPORT THE CONTRIBUTION OF
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tribunes and now at the Internation
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NGOs, but also through their own au
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Two world views: Peacebuilding and
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posing certain populations, raciall
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In the second work step, key questi
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so that in times of crisis, people
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confidence of the people, who frequ
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morial culture was to be forged, na
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in Bosnia-Herzegovina so far that t
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war, as the precondition for the pr
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of the conflicts have proven to be
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We can draw many lessons from the w
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mali elite, which competed with the
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The third stage, which I call warlo
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Shukria Dini concludes her report w
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To date, the women’s initiatives
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the expulsion of the Tutsi from Rwa
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In 1961, the destruction of the Tut
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against British facilities. The res
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Palestine There are no secrets in t
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At the same time, Lama Hourani reco
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tention for children with special n
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of the Golan Heights, the West Bank
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nations and clashes between the Isr
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� “Collective trauma and the ep
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has been an opportunity to exchange
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In July 2005, at a strategic planni
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Israeli peace movement is a weak, c
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total of thirty resolutions of the
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Yugoslavia is to some extent an exc
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Women’s networks show the effecti
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much of history remains alive in th
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Expansionist Serbian nationalism de
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structured, and the monarch was giv
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The representative of the constitue
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small organization with only some 3
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goslav state presented itself as th
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ered and led to painful realization
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longer returned to the countryside.
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the old national tensions. In the s
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The Programme for the Long-Term Con
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No rational analysis which balanced
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erships made several suggestions du
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first free elections in June 1990.
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overwhelm the others. The Serbian l
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change. In the underground and duri
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The anti-bureaucratic revolution wa
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war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and to br
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sary. Of course there were exceptio
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in 1918, it had satisfied the needs
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and intellectual elites who led the
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their experiences in court, the UN
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Resistance to the war in former Yug
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At a few places in Croatia, several
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of the Serbian government, and foun
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Working conditions for women’s or
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important war criminals, is creatin
Page 121 and 122: Many came to südost. It was not po
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Page 125 and 126: The on-going conflict in Somalia is
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Page 133 and 134: opportunity to emerge from the viol
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Page 137 and 138: The manner of holding such discussi
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Page 145 and 146: As in other conflict zones, women i
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Page 149 and 150: Somali women used all kinds of crea
Page 151 and 152: The road to peace for Somalia curre
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Page 159 and 160: Oct. 26, 1961: Grégoire Kayibanda
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Page 171: REPORT ON ISRAEL MOLLY MALEKAR, TEL
Page 175 and 176: The continuous official Israeli pro
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Page 215 and 216: UNRWA also provides technical and v
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micro-credit programme, which is ma
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job creation, food and cash distrib
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Job creation UNRWA alleviates the i
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een no previous record. And on July
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REPORT ON WOMEN’S PEACE INITIATIV
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Council Resolution 1325 that calls
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sist on the resumption of negotiati
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The third activity of the IWC has f
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Looking retroactively to all the ye
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standing any more. He wanted me to
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I always had intensive contacts to
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Cultural events form a framework in
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INTERVIEW WITH SHUKRIA DINI, NAIROB
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With my education and experience, I
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INTERVIEW WITH YOLANDE MUKAGASANA,
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witness, and that’s the only thin
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Certainly I see myself living on th
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Today, we have been thrown back fur
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A very hard experience with war was
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had to teach me the paragraph about
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sein invaded Kuwait, which made it
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inging in other men and even childr
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I got out of Gaza in 2007. I still
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I faced a great challenge to do wel
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In the mid-’70s, Yasser Arafat an
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ANNEX PROJECT CONCEPT Women’s Con
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KEY POINTS FOR REPORTING ON CONFLIC
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� What role did the work of women
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USPID, Unione Scienziati per il Dis
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Toda Institute, for Global Peace an
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Yolande Mukagasana is a widow and s
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Rosa-Luxemburg-Foundation Brussels
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The Contribution of Women to Peace and Reconciliation

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