The Contribution of Women to Peace and Reconciliation

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1945: King Mutara III proposes the abolition of the ubuhake, the pastoral client contract, which he considers “inappropriate” and “inequitable”. It is abolished in 1954. Shortly thereafter, the colonial administra tion, in spite of itself, accepts the abolition of unpaid forced public labour. 1946: Ruanda-Urundi becomes a UN trusteeship territory on October 27, with the Belgian League of Nations “mandate” becoming a “trusteeship”. 1949: Mutara III comes out in opposition to whipping, to the great displeasure of the colonial administration (a punishment for adult men: they were beaten in public, often in front of their families). He also, in 1958, states that the terms Hutu, Tutsi and Twa should no longer appear on identity documents, school records, etc., that all inhabitants of the country had only one name: “Rwandans”. 1950: The Vatican consecrates Rwanda to “Christ the King.” These dates have had a profound impact on the fate of Rwanda and the Rwandans, starting with the merger of Rwanda and Burundi; since each was a separate nation with its own culture and traditions, that changed everything. At least Rwanda and Burundi had languages which, while not identical, were more or less mutually intelligible. But the annexation to Congo completely destabilized Rwanda, in view of the completely different cultures. The culture of Rwanda has been killed, and no people has survived the death of its culture. With the currents of independence flowing across Africa, including Rwanda, King Mutara III Rudahigwa began to demand the independence of his country. 1955: Belgium appoints J-P. Harroy as Governor of Ruanda-Urundi. The latter will admit that he does not know Rwanda, and that he has read only one book about the country. 1956: Rudahigwa demands complete independence and the end of the Belgian colonial occupation. The same year, the Vatican appoints André Perraudin, a Swiss, as bishop. The Supreme Council of the country demands equal treatment for European officials and Rwandans, according to the principle of 157
“equal pay for equal training and competence”. More or less open warfare breaks out between the colonizer and the colonized. From now on, everything moves very quickly, leading the country into violence. The Rwandans, having failed to identify their problem, make themselves violent. The Supreme Council demands that the assumption of the office of chief and sub-chief be subject to election. This claim is repeated in 1959, together with a timetable for the country’s move towards autonomy and independence. March 24, 1957: A Bahutu Manifesto supported by the Belgian authorities and the Catholic Church through Archbishop André Perraudin challenges the privileges of the Tutsi monarchy and demands political and economic equity and access to education. At that time, all education of young Rwandans is in the hands of missionaries. Feb. 15, 1959: Birth of the political party Aprosoma, Association for Social Advancement of the Masses, founded by Joseph Gitera, with the help of missionaries. July 25, 1959: At the sudden death under mysterious circumstances of Mutara III Rudahigwa in Bujumbura. Kigeri V, his younger brother, succeeds him. An unexpected event for the colonizer, as it is organized by the sages of the Court. Belgium loosens its ties to the Tutsi and moves to cement relations with the Hutu majority – a major policy turn-around. July 28, 1959: Funeral of Mutara III and coronation of Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa, half-brother of Rudahigwa, under the dynastic name of Kigeri V, a refugee in the United States. Sept. 3, 1959: Creation of the Rwandan National Union (UNAR), founded by Tutsi monarchists for independence. The first President is François Rukeba. Sept. 14, 1959: Birth of the Rwandan Democratic Movement (RADER), founded by the Resident André Preud’homme. Oct. 9, 1959: Investiture of Kigeri V. Oct. 18, 1959: Foundation of the Movement Party of Hutu Emancipation, founded by Father Andriatis Ernotte, it was officially launched by Kayibanda as a movement in May 1957. 158
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The Contribution of Women to Peace
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Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Brussels
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PROJECT REPORT THE CONTRIBUTION OF
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tribunes and now at the Internation
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NGOs, but also through their own au
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Two world views: Peacebuilding and
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posing certain populations, raciall
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In the second work step, key questi
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so that in times of crisis, people
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confidence of the people, who frequ
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morial culture was to be forged, na
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in Bosnia-Herzegovina so far that t
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war, as the precondition for the pr
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of the conflicts have proven to be
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We can draw many lessons from the w
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mali elite, which competed with the
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The third stage, which I call warlo
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Shukria Dini concludes her report w
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To date, the women’s initiatives
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the expulsion of the Tutsi from Rwa
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In 1961, the destruction of the Tut
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against British facilities. The res
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Palestine There are no secrets in t
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At the same time, Lama Hourani reco
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tention for children with special n
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of the Golan Heights, the West Bank
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nations and clashes between the Isr
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� “Collective trauma and the ep
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has been an opportunity to exchange
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In July 2005, at a strategic planni
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Israeli peace movement is a weak, c
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total of thirty resolutions of the
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Yugoslavia is to some extent an exc
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Women’s networks show the effecti
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much of history remains alive in th
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Expansionist Serbian nationalism de
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structured, and the monarch was giv
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The representative of the constitue
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small organization with only some 3
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goslav state presented itself as th
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ered and led to painful realization
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longer returned to the countryside.
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the old national tensions. In the s
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The Programme for the Long-Term Con
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No rational analysis which balanced
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erships made several suggestions du
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first free elections in June 1990.
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overwhelm the others. The Serbian l
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change. In the underground and duri
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The anti-bureaucratic revolution wa
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war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and to br
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sary. Of course there were exceptio
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Page 111 and 112: Resistance to the war in former Yug
Page 113 and 114: At a few places in Croatia, several
Page 115 and 116: of the Serbian government, and foun
Page 117 and 118: Working conditions for women’s or
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Page 121 and 122: Many came to südost. It was not po
Page 123 and 124: was told about war and horror were
Page 125 and 126: The on-going conflict in Somalia is
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Page 131 and 132: such as the liberation of Kuwait fr
Page 133 and 134: opportunity to emerge from the viol
Page 135 and 136: Ethiopia felt justified in military
Page 137 and 138: The manner of holding such discussi
Page 139 and 140: political insecurities, debt and po
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Page 145 and 146: As in other conflict zones, women i
Page 147 and 148: cess was held in Djibouti, which le
Page 149 and 150: Somali women used all kinds of crea
Page 151 and 152: The road to peace for Somalia curre
Page 153 and 154: The political administration of Rwa
Page 155: epresenting him. The God of Rwandan
Page 159 and 160: Oct. 26, 1961: Grégoire Kayibanda
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Page 163 and 164: Western ideology: Ideology must her
Page 165 and 166: the period of the first two republi
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Page 169 and 170: jority - an “ethnic” majority w
Page 171 and 172: REPORT ON ISRAEL MOLLY MALEKAR, TEL
Page 173 and 174: The remarkable military victory of
Page 175 and 176: The continuous official Israeli pro
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Page 187 and 188: The search for a strong leader who
Page 189 and 190: The cooperation with the system and
Page 191 and 192: Travelling often to the occupied te
Page 193 and 194: kind of “global trans-border sist
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Page 205 and 206: The lack of trust in the internatio
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One of the first collective popular
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Another form of the non-violent res
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estinian President Yasir Arafat’s
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Refugees remain most vulnerable und
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UNRWA also provides technical and v
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Challenges Electricity The siege ha
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services programmes to reduce pover
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proved school health services, comp
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micro-credit programme, which is ma
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job creation, food and cash distrib
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Job creation UNRWA alleviates the i
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een no previous record. And on July
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REPORT ON WOMEN’S PEACE INITIATIV
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Council Resolution 1325 that calls
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sist on the resumption of negotiati
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The third activity of the IWC has f
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Looking retroactively to all the ye
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standing any more. He wanted me to
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I always had intensive contacts to
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Cultural events form a framework in
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INTERVIEW WITH SHUKRIA DINI, NAIROB
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With my education and experience, I
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INTERVIEW WITH YOLANDE MUKAGASANA,
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witness, and that’s the only thin
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Certainly I see myself living on th
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Today, we have been thrown back fur
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A very hard experience with war was
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had to teach me the paragraph about
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sein invaded Kuwait, which made it
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inging in other men and even childr
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I got out of Gaza in 2007. I still
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I faced a great challenge to do wel
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In the mid-’70s, Yasser Arafat an
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ANNEX PROJECT CONCEPT Women’s Con
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KEY POINTS FOR REPORTING ON CONFLIC
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� What role did the work of women
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USPID, Unione Scienziati per il Dis
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Toda Institute, for Global Peace an
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Yolande Mukagasana is a widow and s
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Rosa-Luxemburg-Foundation Brussels
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The Contribution of Women to Peace and Reconciliation

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