TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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58 IMPROVlJAlENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS TABLE a-I CompaNon.of ChancteriaUc:I of Crop' and Liv.tock and ImpUcatioDi for On-Farm T_ml SituHlop with r"R'ct \0: Fact'or Crop' Llv.tock ImpUcatioDi Mobility Stationary Mobil. Difficult to meuurt and control nontxptl'imtntal factors Lif. cycl. Gen.rally 1_ GentraUy ov.r mc:rt_ coe" than" monUI8 on. y.ar lik.lihood of loeml exptrimental unit. Lif. cycl. All unit. Uni" Itldom Dimcult to IyDchronlstd IyDchroniatd find comparabl. unit. Multlpl. Only poaln Multipl. ouput., Dimcult to and/or tubtr meat, hid., miUt meuurtor and reaidu. manurt, pow.r evaluate treatm.nt .frect Nonmark.t F.w Many Dimcult to evaluate input or output. Exp.rlm.ntal Small Lars' Inc:rt_ COtt, unit .i.. divilibl. nondivi.ibl. rilk to cooptm. Producer Imptrsonal P.rsonal Dimcult to attitude toward. taboOt cull, cutrat. product Manal·m.nt Low Hilh Difficult to variability IIolat. treatm.nt dect Ob••rvaUon Many F.w Larl' unit. .tatilUcal variability SOURCE: B.m.t.n.t al., 198a.
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and culture play dominant roles in transhumant systems, comparable to those of the nomadic systems. Because of the crop activities, some of the land is privately owned (or rented). Some of the large ruminants are used for draft purposes, but the application of manure provides a linkage between the livestock and the crop component of this farming system. The common feature of both the nomadic and the transhumant farming systems is the mobility of the households. This strategy to meet the variability in the physical environment is associated with unstable control ofresources, notably land and water, and difficulties of planning herd size and herd movements. Ownenhtp The three types of land ownership are communal, modified communal, and exclusive (Lawry et al., 1984). Exclusive land tenure (private ownership or lease) has been seen by some as a solution to overgrazing. Overgrazing in turn is believed to find its economic rationale in the "tragedy of the commons": the individual herdsman has no economic incentive to reduce the number of animals as long as there is free access to communal land and water. Although assignment of grazing rights is advocated as a solution (Doran et al., 1974; Jarvis, 1980), experience has not yet shown that tenure reform is an effective policy instrument (Lawry et al., 1984, p. 247). One of the problems ia that stock limitations specified in leases are almost never enforced. There is also growing evidence that pastoralists are very aware of the need for rangeland conservation and will act accordingly (National Research Council, 1986). Narrowly related to the issue of land ownership is that of access to water. Because moisture is the overriding limiting factor in pastoral management, access to water is crucial. In many cases, control of water supply implies de facto control of land use. Water sources can be clusified according to ownership in a similar way. Other classifications are made according to the technical operations (including boreholes, dams, wells) or size. THE BASIS or RANGE ECONOMICS Economics may be defined as the science dealing with the allocation of scarce resources among various competing uses, with the objective of maximizing utility or maximizing satisfaction of human wants. For range projects, scarce resources include:
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
Page 17 and 18: OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
Page 19: OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
Page 23 and 24: Introduction In this report, rangel
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
Page 29 and 30: Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
Page 31 and 32: Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
Page 33 and 34: People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
Page 35 and 36: Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
Page 37 and 38: Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
Page 41 and 42: 1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
Page 43 and 44: THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
Page 45 and 46: THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
Page 47 and 48: THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
Page 49 and 50: TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
Page 51 and 52: THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
Page 55 and 56: THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
Page 57 and 58: T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
Page 59 and 60: THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
Page 65 and 66: THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
Page 67: THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
Page 71 and 72: THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
Page 73 and 74: THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
Page 75 and 76: THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
Page 77 and 78: THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
Page 79 and 80: THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
Page 81 and 82: THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
Page 83 and 84: 4 Regional Resource Assessment The
Page 85 and 86: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
Page 87 and 88: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
Page 89 and 90: REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
Page 91 and 92: REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
Page 93 and 94: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
Page 95 and 96: REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
Page 97 and 98: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
Page 99 and 100: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
Page 101 and 102: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
Page 103 and 104: N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
Page 105 and 106: REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
Page 107 and 108: SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
Page 109 and 110: SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
Page 111 and 112: SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
Page 113 and 114: SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
Page 115 and 116: SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
Page 117 and 118: SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
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0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
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CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
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• ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
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ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
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CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
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Introduction to the Case Studies Su
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INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
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PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
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PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
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Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
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Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
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TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
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THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
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TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
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THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
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25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL N
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
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• Major well • Seuonal ftll •
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
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TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
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Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
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DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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DROMEDARY PASTORAUSM IN AFRIOA AND
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276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTR
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284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
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290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
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Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
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310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
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Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
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3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
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3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
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360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
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3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
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370 Board on Science and Technology
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372 technologies in developine coun
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ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
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376 scientists who were brought tog
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378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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