TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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368 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS At preeent, only three St,lo,aratAe, cultivars are commercially available in Nigeria, and two of them are dangerously IWICeptible to the fungal diaeue anthracrose, which can wipe out entire stands of the legume. A wider range of resistant varieties is needed, and ILeA is carrying out screening trials in order to eelect these. Seed is prohibitively expensive (USS13.5 per kg) and its quality is low. Up to 60 percent of a kilo of -eeeds- may in fact consist of sand. Mixed in with the legume seeds are those of weeds that when planted may flourish at the expense of the legume. Traditionally, women who collect seeds are paid by the weight they hand in rather than the time they spend gathering and winnowing. Buyers will have to exert tighter quality control if the high eeeding rates (8-10 kg per hectare) currently needed to start a fodder bank are to be reduced. During the growing season, animals eat young nutritious gruses in preference to legumes. In theory, this behavior can be used to control grUB growth on the fodder bank, allowing the legume to establish. But in practice the timing of grazing is critical, since animals do not distinguish graues from legumes until at least four weeks after the start of the rams. After this, they will graze gruses only while these are still taller than the legume. Thus, ifthe legume is to flourish, animal behavior and vegetation growth must both be closely watched to identify the right moment to take the animals off the bank. Once the rams stop and vegetation dries out, fire becomes a threat. During each of the five years ofILCA's research, entire stands of legumes have been destroyed as bush fires, started accidentally or on purpoae, have got out of control. Predictably, the pastoralists have their own ideas about how their fodder banks should be used. These ideas came to light during the extension phue of the reeearch, and ILeA's scientists are now adapting their component research to take them into account. Originally, ILeA recommended that the Fulani grue only their lactating and pregnant caws on the fodder banks, in the hope of increasing both milk and calf production. But the pastoralists tend to graze additional animals-often their entire herdlt-aiming to maximize the welfare of all animals. The scientists are now studying the effects of these heavy stocking levels on herd performance and legume regeneration. One encouraging finding is that the heavy seeding annual S. hamata appears to cope well with both fire and overgrazing. Fodder banks still need further refinement and testing, but the
IMPROVING NIGERIA'S ANIMAL FEED RESOURCES 369 intervention is receiving encouraging support from both producers and extelUlion workers. On cautious estimates, a 4-heetare bank would repay its establishment costs in 2-3 years, simply by saving nutritionally streesed animals. Given the additional benefits of greater soil fertility and futer herd growth-leading to more offtake-the prospects for increased adoption still look good.
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
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SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
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0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
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CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
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• ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
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ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
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CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
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Introduction to the Case Studies Su
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INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
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PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
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PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
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Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
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Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
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TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
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THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
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TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
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THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
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25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL N
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
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• Major well • Seuonal ftll •
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
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TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
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Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
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DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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DROMEDARY PASTORAUSM IN AFRIOA AND
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276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTR
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284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
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290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
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Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
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310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
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Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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Page 328 and 329: 318 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Page 342 and 343: Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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Page 348 and 349: 338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
Page 352 and 353: 3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
Page 354 and 355: 3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 358 and 359: 3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
Page 360 and 361: Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
Page 362 and 363: 352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 366 and 367: 356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
Page 370 and 371: 360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
Page 374 and 375: 3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
Page 376 and 377: Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
Page 380 and 381: 370 Board on Science and Technology
Page 382 and 383: 372 technologies in developine coun
Page 384 and 385: ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
Page 386 and 387: 376 scientists who were brought tog
Page 388 and 389: 378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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