TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS one animal revealed Cof'Jfte6actmum ,ee.dotu6e,ct&lon. and from another animal B-hemolytic Itreptococci. There waa a virulent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, type B.A.T. 2, in cattle, sheep, and goatl on 01 Maisor, with which the camels were in cloee contact; the camels were unaffected. The breeding herd on Galana took two yean to accHmatile and commence breeding regularly. When first introduced to the area, they were not given any prophylaxis treatment for trypanoeomiasis for more than a year. Abortions and premature births are common; a great many females were unable to feed their calves. Since they were injected regularly with antrycide sulphate, the health and production of the herd improved dramatically. ECONOMICS While the price of camels is comparable to that of good quality cattle, the distance from the ranches at which they have had to be purchased haa made their acquisition very costly. Direct expenses incurred in their upkeep have proved lea than thoee for our cattle (KSh 70/- to SO/- per year without overhead). This is mainly because they have not needed the regular and obligatory dipping or spraying required by cattle to protect them from the ticks and tick-borne diM... to which cattle are prone. The slow reproductive rate of22 months compared to lea than 14 months for ranch cattle, and slow maturing rate of ~8 yean against 3-4 yean for finished steen, indicate. a poor economic potential. The return from camels might be improved with experience and improved husbandry. It should be poesible to reduce the calving interval to 18 months (Knoeu, 1976). Milk production might also be taken into account. Even with such improvements, cattle will remain the more profitable animals. However, we must emphasise that our camel productivity is additional to and in no way competitive with our beef production or any other livestock on the property. We have every hope that the quality of our camel stock will improve; our foundation animals tended to be cun. that the sellers thought to be defective. It might speed up growth and individual quality ifyoung animals could be weaned and hand fed (the Turkana say that they rear camel calves successfully on cow's milk). When purchasiq stock, it is advisable to try and buy unbred females and to avoid buying heavily branded animals, as this is
CAMEL HUSBANDRY IN KENYA: INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY 349 generally an indication ofsome defect or illness. The pastoral people of Kenya use the practice of firing (the application of hot metal) for almost any ailment. NOTE Thanks are due to the Kenya Department of Veterinary Services and those members of the veterinary profession who have helped and advised us. The camel lore and good advice received from members of the Somali and 'lUrkana tribes are greatly appreciated by the authors. UPEUNCE Knoeu, K. H. 1976. The camel u a mea' and milk animal. World Animal R.vi•., No. 22, pp. 3-8.
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
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SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
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0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
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CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
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• ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
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ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
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CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
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Introduction to the Case Studies Su
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INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
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PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
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PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
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Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
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Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
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TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
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THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
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TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
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THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
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25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL N
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
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• Major well • Seuonal ftll •
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
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TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
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Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
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DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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DROMEDARY PASTORAUSM IN AFRIOA AND
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276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTR
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284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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286 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
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290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
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Page 308 and 309: Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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Page 320 and 321: 310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
Page 322 and 323: Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
Page 324 and 325: 314 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 342 and 343: Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
Page 344 and 345: 33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 348 and 349: 338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
Page 352 and 353: 3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
Page 354 and 355: 3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 360 and 361: Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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Page 366 and 367: 356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
Page 370 and 371: 360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
Page 374 and 375: 3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
Page 376 and 377: Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
Page 380 and 381: 370 Board on Science and Technology
Page 382 and 383: 372 technologies in developine coun
Page 384 and 385: ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
Page 386 and 387: 376 scientists who were brought tog
Page 388 and 389: 378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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