TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands
TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands
330 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL RANGELANDS people towards the range, introducing the philoeophy of protection and improvement instead of exploitation. Ahmi4, moreover, give the range manager an insight into the potential forage productivity of range sites and indicate how much improvement can be expected when large areas of run-down ranges are upgraded and given prudent care. Although soil and water conservation programs might include several physical or mechanical methods, in most CaBe8 there is no substitute for revegetation for which the hem4 system has proved its efficiency. Introduction ofthe system to new areas in this region, or to loealities where it has previously been practiced, might require different techniques from one country to another. In most CaBe8, however, this has to be a gradual rather than an abrupt change. In Saudi Arabia, concepts have lately been changed to support 4hmi4. The Royal Decree of 1953, which allowed for free grazing of the historical tahmia, has been clarified so as to exclude tribal or personal 4hmi4. To demonstrate the role and importance of the system, part of Hem4 Saisad (one of the abandoned historic alami4) east of Tail, was put under protection in 1965. Plans have been made by the government to establish a range experiment station within this hem4 During 1968, the Syrian Arab Republic approved the execution of a World Food Programme/Food and Agriculture Organization (WFP/FAO) assisted project in which the range and forest potential ofthe Gebel Abou Rejmaine, north of Palmyra, would be managed as a hema within a project for stabilization and development ofnomadic sheep husbandry. The Al Ommor tribe, supported by governmental and WFP assistance, has become responsible for protection, development, and use of this mountainous area. The successful introduction of hem4 in the form of range cooperatives has encouraged expansion of the pioneer work. The number of hem4 cooperatives had increased to 46 in 1979, covering around 4 million hectares. The recent discovery that 4hmi4 do exist in a number of localities in Syria, indicating previous existence in similar areas, might allow for expanded application of this system. It could also be integrated within pilot agricultural development programs. In certain cases, minor changes in forestry, land tenure, and/or range protection acts legalize these reserves. The system could also be integrated within a grazing act suitable for many parts of the countries in the Near East. Groups of people meeting in the various countries where hem4
THE 11EMA SYSTEM IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA 331 has been maintained are of the opinion that if previously practiced rights of usufruct were restored or allowed to be given, subject to fulfillment ofcertain requirements, regeneration of vast areas ofrange or forest land could be achieved. NOTES 1. Bued on Omlor Ora., 1985 2. A unique type of Acma existed close to DamucUi for about five centuries, up to 1930, where (according to government documentl), a 100 hectare area had been maintained u putureland for aged or unfit hOrHI until the end of their lives (Dru, 1985). 3. This MmtJ hu been developed to become the HUlia government range and Iheep center. UFERENCES Abu, Obaid Abdullah Ben Abdul AsiJI el Buree el Andaloase. c. 1000. Reprint edition 1949. A DictionGrfl of the UnJ:no"", Nama of TotIIIV and Placu (Four volumes revised and explained by MUltafa EI Saqqa.) Committee for Writing Translation and Publishing Prell, Cairo, Egypt. (In Arabic.) Arram A. c. 1000. Reprint edition 1953. Mountairu of 7'iIu:Im4 and Hvu 77acir rnlaG6itanU, VilllJ,u, Wat.r Ruoun:.. and N_ of 77acir 7'hu. Revised by Zainal and NUlif, Jedda, Saudi Arabia. (In Arabic.) Brockelmann, C. 1949. Himrr ofthe r.tJmie Paoplu. Routledge and Paul Kegan, London, England. EI Hamadanee. 960. Reprint edition 1953. DucripDon of the Ara6 rlltJnd. Revised and published to the latialaction of the hiltorian Mohammed Ben Abdullah Den Belheed El Najdee, Saadah Pre.., Cairo, Egypt. Philby, J. B. 1952. Reprint edition 1916. Arabian Hi,lIltJntJ.. Cornell Univerlity Prell, New York, New York, USA. Samhoodee AI Medani. 1361. Hi"; Oal.nd4r 1941. Kh01alet el Wafa Biachbar Dar AI Moabfa, luI. A. EI Halaby Printing HoUle, Cairo, Egypt. (In Arabic.) Shibly AI-Ailamy and co-worken. 1962. SVHidtJ Moho/uaL Ministry of Culture and National Guidance. (In Arabic.) Tothill, J. D. 1953. Reoort to the Government of Saudi Arabia on Agricultural Development. ETAP Report 16. Food and Apiculture Orcanisation of the United Nationl, Rome, Italy. Veaey-FitsGerald, D. F. 1955. Vegetation of the Red Sea cout lOuth of Jedda. Soulla A/rictll& Joumal of ECl'low 43. Veaey-FitsGerald, D. F. 1951. Veretation of the Red Sea cout north of Jedda. South Mrican Journal of Ecolo(7 July. Yacoot EI Hamawee. A DictionGrfl of 7btlllV. Dar Sader and Dar Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. (In Arabic.)
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THE 11EMA SYSTEM IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA 331<br />
has been maintained are of the opinion that if previously practiced<br />
rights of usufruct were restored or allowed to be given, subject to<br />
fulfillment ofcertain requirements, regeneration of vast areas ofrange<br />
or forest l<strong>and</strong> could be achieved.<br />
NOTES<br />
1. Bued on Omlor Ora., 1985<br />
2. A unique type of Acma existed close to DamucUi for about five<br />
centuries, up to 1930, where (according to government documentl), a 100<br />
hectare area had been maintained u puturel<strong>and</strong> for aged or unfit hOrHI until<br />
the end of their lives (Dru, 1985).<br />
3. This MmtJ hu been developed to become the HUlia government range<br />
<strong>and</strong> Iheep center.<br />
UFERENCES<br />
Abu, Obaid Abdullah Ben Abdul AsiJI el Buree el Andaloase. c. 1000. Reprint<br />
edition 1949. A DictionGrfl of the UnJ:no"", Nama of TotIIIV <strong>and</strong> Placu (Four<br />
volumes revised <strong>and</strong> explained by MUltafa EI Saqqa.) Committee for<br />
Writing Translation <strong>and</strong> Publishing Prell, Cairo, Egypt. (In Arabic.)<br />
Arram A. c. 1000. Reprint edition 1953. Mountairu of 7'iIu:Im4 <strong>and</strong> Hvu 77acir<br />
rnlaG6itanU, VilllJ,u, Wat.r Ruoun:.. <strong>and</strong> N_ of 77acir 7'hu. Revised by<br />
Zainal <strong>and</strong> NUlif, Jedda, Saudi Arabia. (In Arabic.)<br />
Brockelmann, C. 1949. Himrr ofthe r.tJmie Paoplu. Routledge <strong>and</strong> Paul Kegan,<br />
London, Engl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
EI Hamadanee. 960. Reprint edition 1953. DucripDon of the Ara6 rlltJnd. Revised<br />
<strong>and</strong> published to the latialaction of the hiltorian Mohammed Ben Abdullah<br />
Den Belheed El Najdee, Saadah Pre.., Cairo, Egypt.<br />
Philby, J. B. 1952. Reprint edition 1916. Arabian Hi,lIltJntJ.. Cornell Univerlity<br />
Prell, New York, New York, USA.<br />
Samhoodee AI Medani. 1361. Hi"; Oal.nd4r 1941. Kh01alet el Wafa Biachbar<br />
Dar AI Moabfa, luI. A. EI Halaby Printing HoUle, Cairo, Egypt. (In<br />
Arabic.)<br />
Shibly AI-Ailamy <strong>and</strong> co-worken. 1962. SVHidtJ Moho/uaL Ministry of Culture<br />
<strong>and</strong> National Guidance. (In Arabic.)<br />
Tothill, J. D. 1953. Reoort to the Government of Saudi Arabia on Agricultural<br />
Development. ETAP Report 16. Food <strong>and</strong> Apiculture Orcanisation of<br />
the United Nationl, Rome, Italy.<br />
Veaey-FitsGerald, D. F. 1955. Vegetation of the Red Sea cout lOuth of Jedda.<br />
Soulla A/rictll& Joumal of ECl'low 43.<br />
Veaey-FitsGerald, D. F. 1951. Veretation of the Red Sea cout north of Jedda.<br />
South Mrican Journal of Ecolo(7 July.<br />
Yacoot EI Hamawee. A DictionGrfl of 7btlllV. Dar Sader <strong>and</strong> Dar Beirut, Beirut,<br />
Lebanon. (In Arabic.)
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