TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS from the lowlands of Khus.tan over the creet of the 4,547-m Zard Kuh into the submontane valleys and buina of western Esfahan province on the !rinses of the central Iranian plateau. The Bakhtiari area, while mountainous, ruSSed, and oft-times sterile, does oWer the typical altitudinal range of climate and vegetation upon which all of the nomadic systems of the Zagros are based. Despite some confusion and a diAppointing lack of specific information about Bakhtiari putorallDOYements,12 the general outline of the pattem is well known and replicates patterns found el8ewhere in the Zagros mountains (figure 5-2). The winter months are spent in the lowland foothills and plains of norther Khulfllltan between Desful and Ramhormoz,1S with the Haft-lang concentrated around Dezful and the Chehar-lang ecattered from Shushtar to Ramhormos. Dispersion during the winter months is extreme, with groups ofthree or four tents beingecattered throughout the lowlands 14 in a pattern also noted among the Bueeri. Sometime between the vemal equinox 16 and mid-April,us the ecattered winter minimal camp groups begin to move northward, away from the drying lowlands towards their upland summer ~ tures. Evidently an entire tribal subdivision does not begin to move simultaneously; rather, tent groups move initially in an isolated fashion gradually coalescing into larger groups as the difficulty of the terrain increuea and the available routes of pusage decrease. 1 T In some favored mountain valley at some time during the initial stages of the trek, the tent groups will come together and the sub-tribe will continue the movement as a unit, croIBing the Zard Kuh range until once again dispersing in the upland valleys and basins that eventually slope down to the central Iranian plateau. While there is general agreement about the natureofthis summer upslope, winter d0WD81ope movement, and while there is a COIUleIl8U8 that movement proceeds in a zigzag fuhion utilizing valley bottoms and favorable pUlleS, much ambiguity still persists. De Bode provides a list of summer and winter encampments that indicates that the Chehar-lang spend their summer near the sources of the Zayandeh Rud in the Zard Kuh range as well as in the district of Faradan (with minor groups in Chahar Mahal), while the Haft-lang spend their summer in Chahar Mahal and near the sources of the Karun River in Zard Kub. 11 However, he fails to indicate the routes followed, aside from a cryptic comment that a tendency to croes each other's path often leads to conflict between the two groups. Coon asserts that there is only one practical route through the Bakhtiari country
~ ~ K H a z'E 5 TiN 32 Direction of Move"'ent )\ POll (Gordonell' o Lond over 2000m. a 100 I ! '''' I~ ~ ~ ~ f: I ~ ~ ...1 FIGURE 5-2 BakMiari putoral movemenb. ~ CoO
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
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SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
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0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
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CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
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• ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
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ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
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CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
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Introduction to the Case Studies Su
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INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
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PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
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PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
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Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
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Page 247 and 248: Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
Page 249 and 250: TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
Page 251 and 252: THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
Page 253 and 254: TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
Page 255 and 256: THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
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Page 259 and 260: THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
Page 261 and 262: • Major well • Seuonal ftll •
Page 263 and 264: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
Page 265 and 266: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
Page 267 and 268: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
Page 271 and 272: Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
Page 273 and 274: DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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Page 286 and 287: 276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 288 and 289: 278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
Page 294 and 295: 284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 298 and 299: Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
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Page 308 and 309: Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
Page 314 and 315: ~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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Page 322 and 323: Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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336 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
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3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
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3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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346 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
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360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
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3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
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370 Board on Science and Technology
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372 technologies in developine coun
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ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
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376 scientists who were brought tog
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378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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