TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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250 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS able to keep up with the herd; a herder will often drop back to walk with the mother and infant. Progrea is often slowed also by the need to retrieve the animals that have wandered during the previous night (during seasons when movement is infrequent, the trek animals are collected and hobbled the day before, but when camp is being moved each day, the animals must be left free to grue at night). A minor factor affecting the speed with which the salt areas are attained is the search for appropriate routes. Large lakes must be skirted, and in the Sahara region good water and pasture again become a problem. The northward journey, then, is not direct but carried out in a zigzag fashion (figure 3-2). During all seasons, the distance that a camp moves at anyone time strictly depends on the availability of water and pasture, but it normally ranges between 2 km and 30 km. Movement begins at dawn (it takes approximately half an hour to break camp) and continues only until noon. H still more territory needs to be covered, the journey will resume after the day's heat diminishes. During August and September, the movement pattern of alII", both those who are a component of other camps and those who are independent, is slightly different from that of the nobles and mllrllbout8, since it is inftuenced by their search for wild grains. At the time of the first harvest, iklan groups will converge upon the areas that have been favored by rain or soil conditions. If the yield is abundant, the second and third harvests will be limited to the collection of grains encountered while herding; movements will be less affected by the need to harvest. A local variation of the general pattern of movement is found among groups living near the Niger River, especially those between Timbuktu and Gao. At the end of the hot season, and especially if it is prolonged or severe, the groups will reverse their pattern of fonowing the diminishing pasture away from the river and make a forced march back toward it through now barren country in order to feed their animals on the plant species, such as Echinocl&loa Itll,nina (bur,u), exposed by the lowered water levels. Movement of all groups is inftuenced by death and disease. N~ mads are aware of the danpr of contagion and will isolate the tent of one who has an infectious illness. When traveling, they will try to pass on the upwind side of a stricken camp. When a person dies, he is buried several hundred meters from the camp, oriented to the east in the Muslim fashion, and the grave is covered with straw, after
• Major well • Seuonal ftll • Camp - - - Route of total group ••••• Route of .dan only ,.Terre ..... _. Seuonal lake ..:'...~..f! IIhiban ,., Ace = ~ ~ i .() • Millet .t Month of year (eg. Sept.) o, 10 20 30 40 1:10kma. ~II
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
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SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
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0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
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CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
Page 209 and 210: CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
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Page 213 and 214: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
Page 215 and 216: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
Page 217 and 218: ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
Page 219: CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
Page 223 and 224: Introduction to the Case Studies Su
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
Page 227 and 228: PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
Page 235 and 236: PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
Page 237 and 238: Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
Page 239 and 240: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
Page 241 and 242: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
Page 243 and 244: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
Page 245 and 246: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
Page 247 and 248: Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
Page 249 and 250: TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
Page 251 and 252: THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
Page 253 and 254: TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
Page 255 and 256: THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
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Page 259: THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
Page 263 and 264: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
Page 265 and 266: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
Page 267 and 268: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
Page 271 and 272: Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
Page 273 and 274: DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
Page 275 and 276: DROMEDARY PASTORAUSM IN AFRIOA AND
Page 286 and 287: 276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 288 and 289: 278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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Page 294 and 295: 284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 296 and 297: 286 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 298 and 299: Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
Page 300 and 301: 290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 308 and 309: Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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800 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
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310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
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Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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314 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
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3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
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3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
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360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
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3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
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370 Board on Science and Technology
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372 technologies in developine coun
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ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
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376 scientists who were brought tog
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378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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