TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

More documents

Recommendations

Info

246 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS from each, using either the hand or a wooden spoon. Bones are broken open with knives or "Neolithic· stone implements to obtain the marrow; the bones are then thrown outside the tent. Ifthe camp remains in one place for more than a few days, such debris will be swept further away from the tent (8 to 10 m). Occasionally, dogs (one or two ofwhich are present in most camps) will scatter bones further. However, scavenging is not their main means of obtaining food, since they are fed on milk and grain when it is available. Bones aeem to accumulate on the west side ofthe tent during the cold season and on the east side during the hot months. (At other times, camps are not stationary long enough for debris to concentrate.) This difference may be due to the fact that in winter meat is eaten to celebrate the arrival of visitors and is served with the evening meal when people sit on the west side (perhaps for protection against easterly winds). During the hot season, however, meat is most frequently eaten at the main afternoon meal when tent occupants gather on the shady east side. Meat has less of a ceremonial function at this time, since visitors are not common; it is more important as a food source because milk and grain are insufficient and aleo because many animals die ofstarvation or thirst during the hot season and must be slaughtered. Determinants ofMovement The nomads' most common response to pressures from the physical and social environment (hunger, thirst, political hostility) is to move. It is one of the most effective means of exploiting widely scattered and scarce resources. The precise nature of the movement (its time, frequency, direction, and distance) is the result of a complex interplay between the needs of people and animals and the availability offood and water, the latter being the most critical commodity. Kel Tamasheq do not wander randomly, but circulate within general "home" regions, and within these regions, follow a habitual route, for example, south to north to south again, although both the region and the route can change in response to unusual political or seasonal situations. The nomadic pattern is oriented toward seasonal water points and key pasture areas (figure 3-1). In the first months after the rains, from September to December, water is obtained from shallow, hand-dug wells that are usually surrounded by adequate pasture. Camps are located near the water, and this enables the group to remain in place for as much as a
25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL NOMADIC PAnERNS ......, ...---- .... .. ,.. \ ... .. , '--", I '.. , I , \ , \ I ..'\ " I ... " I ......._-- -,---.,,- BIrnba" ... -~ Gourma·~ ~ .... I .. I , I , \ , ,I , , , , I \ I I , . , .' .. , ".... .,' , Doll , ----- .Hombor\ I , , , -- ... I Ị , 8cMnmtfi ___ ' NIGER kJrrI dII IIorII ~~ '-v:-; • I .. I ' KIdIII I • I " .. I ' I , • I '.. MALI I .. .. '' ...._.' VIIIM du v.nee du EzgUlf1 TIIem8I , ",'" -- .... ,," " , ,,',' \ , I I , " , I" I hr... ·" ~ , I ' ..--'' .",,): " \ ' "._~VaItH du "AzaouM7 1 .\ h SIbnl,' rv .Ma': " ., II a B ~ &4:) FIGURE 3-1 Approltimat. extent of areas occupied by nomadic pastoral croups in th. vicinity of th. lower TiI.mai Valley, Mali. !
Page 3 and 4:
- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
Page 5:
PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
Page 8 and 9:
can be restored to the world's rang
Page 10 and 11:
4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
Page 13 and 14:
OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
Page 15 and 16:
OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
Page 17 and 18:
OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
Page 19:
OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
Page 23 and 24:
Introduction In this report, rangel
Page 25 and 26:
INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
Page 27 and 28:
INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
Page 29 and 30:
Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
Page 31 and 32:
Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
Page 33 and 34:
People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
Page 35 and 36:
Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
Page 37 and 38:
Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
Page 39 and 40:
INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
Page 41 and 42:
1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
Page 43 and 44:
THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
Page 45 and 46:
THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
Page 47 and 48:
THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
Page 49 and 50:
TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
Page 51 and 52:
THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
Page 57 and 58:
T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
Page 59 and 60:
THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
Page 67 and 68:
THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
Page 69 and 70:
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
Page 71 and 72:
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
Page 73 and 74:
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
Page 75 and 76:
THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
Page 77 and 78:
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
Page 79 and 80:
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
Page 81 and 82:
THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
Page 83 and 84:
4 Regional Resource Assessment The
Page 85 and 86:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
Page 87 and 88:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
Page 89 and 90:
REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
Page 91 and 92:
REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
Page 93 and 94:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
Page 95 and 96:
REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
Page 97 and 98:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
Page 99 and 100:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
Page 101 and 102:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
Page 103 and 104:
N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
Page 105 and 106:
REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
Page 107 and 108:
SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
Page 109 and 110:
SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
Page 111 and 112:
SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
Page 113 and 114:
SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
Page 115 and 116:
SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
Page 117 and 118:
SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
Page 119 and 120:
SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
Page 121 and 122:
SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
Page 123 and 124:
SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
Page 125 and 126:
SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
Page 127 and 128:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
Page 129 and 130:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
Page 131 and 132:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
Page 133 and 134:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
Page 135 and 136:
GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
Page 137 and 138:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
Page 139 and 140:
GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
Page 141 and 142:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
Page 143 and 144:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
Page 145 and 146:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
Page 147 and 148:
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
Page 149 and 150:
7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
Page 151 and 152:
RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
Page 153 and 154:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
Page 155 and 156:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
Page 157 and 158:
REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
Page 159 and 160:
REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
Page 161 and 162:
RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
Page 163 and 164:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
Page 165 and 166:
RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
Page 167 and 168:
1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
Page 169 and 170:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
Page 171 and 172:
REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
Page 173 and 174:
RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
Page 175 and 176:
REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
Page 177 and 178:
RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
Page 179 and 180:
REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
Page 181 and 182:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
Page 183 and 184:
R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
Page 185 and 186:
REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
Page 187 and 188:
REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
Page 189 and 190:
RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
Page 191 and 192:
RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
Page 193 and 194:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
Page 195 and 196:
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
Page 197 and 198:
CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
Page 199 and 200:
ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
Page 201 and 202:
ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
Page 203 and 204:
CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
Page 205 and 206: 0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
Page 207 and 208: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
Page 209 and 210: CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
Page 211 and 212: • ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
Page 213 and 214: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
Page 215 and 216: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
Page 217 and 218: ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
Page 219: CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
Page 223 and 224: Introduction to the Case Studies Su
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
Page 227 and 228: PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
Page 235 and 236: PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
Page 237 and 238: Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
Page 239 and 240: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
Page 241 and 242: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
Page 243 and 244: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
Page 245 and 246: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
Page 247 and 248: Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
Page 249 and 250: TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
Page 251 and 252: THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
Page 253 and 254: TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
Page 255: THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
Page 259 and 260: THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
Page 261 and 262: • Major well • Seuonal ftll •
Page 263 and 264: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
Page 265 and 266: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
Page 267 and 268: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
Page 271 and 272: Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
Page 273 and 274: DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
Page 275 and 276: DROMEDARY PASTORAUSM IN AFRIOA AND
Page 286 and 287: 276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 288 and 289: 278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
Page 292 and 293: 282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTR
Page 294 and 295: 284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 296 and 297: 286 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 298 and 299: Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
Page 300 and 301: 290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 306 and 307:
296 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 308 and 309:
Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
Page 316 and 317:
30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
Page 322 and 323:
Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
Page 324 and 325:
314 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
Page 344 and 345:
33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
Page 354 and 355:
3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
Page 360 and 361:
Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
Page 362 and 363:
352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
Page 376 and 377:
Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
370 Board on Science and Technology
Page 382 and 383:
372 technologies in developine coun
Page 384 and 385:
ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
Page 386 and 387:
376 scientists who were brought tog
Page 388 and 389:
378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
show all

TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?