TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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2" IMPROVDa:NT0' TROPICAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGI!JLANDS TABLE 3-7 Commonly Und Vea-tabl.., Fruit. and Guma N_ CaIIoe&IoD "-!loa bnport_..u_ v.....-: -. AI-.loI_ -.11I Pull ........ --. ......... -.lboIllII_ .._- _Iak_ ...- chIJdnn Iqoonoal - ~ _plaal""'" _1bIcIl-, _11I..- .uo_ '-10"-'" _ raw (\opoo)• plaal _..- boll ....... ......Iltloo .., .-,-lM&a --. -..11I__ .......- ....-- 1lld\III....A...... IIIcIdIF b11... ,,"-01__ Apr ..... be oooIlod N.. "W7_. 011I7 pIcUd .., Ik10II 1_;.......- --.- A___. TlaIcIt.-,_ Tatola aooa...,.w. IbM_lIP I...._rabl ..- -- _ ·IIIul _ w.....~ _ ~ __0100-. -- AIIkId ,NIl01_ I. Pul"''''_ 'ood_._ after......... .........~I -0-). ta.a.cI -....,..h..- ,._11I.- -..... A _ 1boIIa_1 At -.I 0I1loI ...... _ ,.d1U1M1. A_I mat,: raw Orabl:__ ""-: boIIod oIh___ _"-'0111 ,,"-:_la.-. .. '_..... acId ·V..".-.... ..dold>J_ _IIIiIIIOIId pttiqfal·; T_ O.................. Orabl: __• 'ood ....... _ wt... iobIboD boll. 'NIl: AmaloJa --_ 1....- -oa,Jored.., ....... __.puI ... _b III _ 10 t!aro; oooIl wtIb_: _ TOIIIinI PrulloIl_1 0.,._.... rood IOUI'Cej • cube'" raw ZboIoIlunl FNlt of .....,.beD --:d>J. 1_.,-"" ripe _ black ....._-- joIImqa A1>anpD T......,I Tonk.. 110& _ .. oooIl Ar..__ 01 Prullofobon p1horod_ _fndl dI~;DU'" ~durl.. ,-,",>1_. d>J-- PIckocI__ 11I__ .... ra•• IIdD .. 0DI7-.., _. cIiKarded, aut .. ooxkod chIJdnn 01OUlUl. _ dIo- '..-...- eucIecI, or nMIl IIIiIII T_ P1ckad .., Ik10II &a&-. ."or Tbo _ 1IIIporI_ QUIDI: ~. mlxocI wt... fndl for __.bUad ..-Jac - A....... _raw AMI....." T...... _raw T_ Maj_ _raw 1- _ ...._.h 1b.......UC ludlad
THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain health. They have been known to stage a ·special occasionto justify butchering an animal. Goats are most frequently used because they are least valuable and are generally kept near the camp. A larger animal may be butchered when meat is scarce, if there are many visitors, or if it is too weak (from thirst, hunger, or travel), old, or sick to continue. However, the latter depends on the type of infirmityj victims of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, for example, are not eaten. Wild animals are lIe1dom eatenj this may be partly because of their current scarcity, food taboos, or ~bly the lack of means or expertise in hunting. (Weapons consist only of knives and throwing spears; no bowl are used except as toys.) Animals are killed by slitting the throat. Blood and stomach contents are the only parts not used, and the meat is divided according to strict social rules: the chest to mere6ouu, if presentj the ribs to the man of highest rankj the head to the shepherd or owner of the herd; the neck to elders in the shepherd's family (if he is young)j the stomach and intestines to the Uletaj the lower legs to childreni and the rest to the owner of the animal. This pattern differs slightly according to the type of animal. Large animals such as camels or cows must be partitioned among the whole campj sheep and goats are primarily for the family that butchered them, although almost anyone may come to eat with that family or ask for some of the meat. Organ meats (liver, heart) are roasted on hot coals immediately after butchering and are eaten with salt by the head of the family and respected guests. Later, the haunch and meaty portions are prepared in any of the following three ways: (1) roasted by being buried in the sand with a fire built on toPi (2) boiled in water with the meat then removed from the bones and pounded in a mortar to break up the fibres, then served with grain, or very rarely, with butter onlYi (3) cut from the bones, then divided into thin pieces and hung inside the tent to dry. Bones are discarded. Fresh milk is the first meal of the day for children and is taken at dawnj the adults drink only sweet tea and chew tobacco. At midmorning, ·creme- is eaten by men and children, and less frequently by women. In early afternoon, a major meal ofgrain with either meat, butter, or milk is prepared, ifgrain is available. In the evening, fresh milk is drunk by all, occasionally supplemented by a small dish of grain ifmilk is scarce. Visitors are usually given a meal of meat and grain, preferably millet or rice, in the evening. Food is served in wooden bowls with four or five people partaking
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
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SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
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ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
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ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
Page 203 and 204: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
Page 205 and 206: 0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
Page 207 and 208: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
Page 209 and 210: CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
Page 211 and 212: • ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
Page 213 and 214: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
Page 215 and 216: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
Page 217 and 218: ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
Page 219: CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
Page 223 and 224: Introduction to the Case Studies Su
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
Page 227 and 228: PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
Page 235 and 236: PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
Page 237 and 238: Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
Page 239 and 240: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
Page 241 and 242: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
Page 243 and 244: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
Page 245 and 246: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
Page 247 and 248: Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
Page 249 and 250: TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
Page 251 and 252: THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
Page 253: TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
Page 257 and 258: 25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL N
Page 259 and 260: THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
Page 261 and 262: • Major well • Seuonal ftll •
Page 263 and 264: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
Page 265 and 266: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
Page 267 and 268: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
Page 271 and 272: Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
Page 273 and 274: DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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Page 286 and 287: 276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 288 and 289: 278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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Page 294 and 295: 284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 296 and 297: 286 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 298 and 299: Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
Page 300 and 301: 290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
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294 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
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310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
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Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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314 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
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3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
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3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
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360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
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3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
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370 Board on Science and Technology
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372 technologies in developine coun
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ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
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376 scientists who were brought tog
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378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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