TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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240 lMPROVEMBNT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGBLANDS TABLE 8-3 LactaUon Patt_ Acc:ordinc to Animal Type Animal Camel Cow Goat Sheep 12 10 Ii e Montha b.hreen G.tationa ·.f puture is extraorcUnarily IOOd ··.f puture is extraorcUnarily bad Binha per 2 Yean 10-12 1 2-4·,12" 2 2 2· 8 (twina) e (twina) Montha Ladation 18-24 10-15 7-8 7 grains. The wild grain gathered by the slaves and poorer vassals, consists primarily of Ptuaacum ladum spp. (UAi6an, which can be further separated into alcuol and ural) and Cencla,., 6iftortUJ (Vlajag) (see table 3-4 for additional species). Panicum is the m08t important wild grain because it is more abundant, is the first to ripen after the rains, requires very little preparation (pounding), and does not cause digestive upsets. It is harvested at three different stages in the ripening process: the first, beginning in August or September, lasts only 10-15 days and involves cutting the heads from the standing grain. This harvest is especially important if the milk supply is low. The second follows in mid-September when the grain is ready to fall; the stalks are bent over a basket and the grains beaten into it. This "laiban is considered the cleanest and is most preferred. The final harvest begins in October and lasts until the next rains in June or July; it consists merely of sweeping up seeds that have fallen naturally after the dry grass has been cut or eaten by animals or burned off. Grain gathered in this manner is considered to be of lowest quality, since it requires considerable preparation before eating to remove the sand. After harvesting, the,grain is dried and stored in leather sacks, mud-brick granaries rented in towns, or in holes in the sand (0.5 m in diameter and 1.5 m deep) lined with matting. Grain that is stored in this latter fashion is usually conserved for times of scarcity. When the first harvests come in (September), these reserves are immediately replenished and whatever old grain remains is either eaten or sold. The grain is said to suffer little 1088 in quality for at least two or three years. The location of the holes is secret but they often are placed near the wells frequented by the group, beside the stands of grain, or on the edge of a village. (Table 3-5 lists the harvest periods of the primary grains.)
THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Commonly UHd Wild Grainl and Othlr Wild roodl Name of craln Collidion Preparation Importanci or UII AIaraI" AUC-JUIM In watend Cooked alwa,. neadI rlnt craln to ripen; VII'J plateaux and valleyl lauce (milk or buU...) 1Icht; no dIMu,,; "cood for by Iklan or Imrad diarrhoea." AkMOf" DrI... plateaux, II lmallir than Alaral Tepbart round In lame plac.. Cooked or raw U II coneidlred to be thl hilt U Alaral, often -creme-: doee not varilty of Ilhlban mixed nead laUCI Wajac NHdI hlavy rain Cooked or raw U Coneidlred more nutritioua before pwth etaril, "creme" than ilhiban; wu main fead roUit wait tUi Itraw II for hOrHI with milk. If dI'J before lathlrlnl-- laten exc_lvely, can &ive by an Iklan on dun.. diarrhoea and plaine Durlne wet lluon Pounded to break oft rlavourful, ..pecially when etUllli&htly IPm.. (vldoual); "cood for old peopll U IJ'eID on dun.. cooked or raw tonic, and blood dill_" On dUDII in lame anu Hardlr to pound than Can be found In ll'eat quanu ilhaban duriDI Iahlban' raw or tltI.. but only harv..tad If October cooked Iahlban lacb--faminl food low ItatUi Tajlte A red &rain found In Dlmcult to pount; Onl of thl flw &ralne availclear Ipacll an... a cooked or raw able at thla timll "kMpI rain, collected by mmach full tUi next day; anu, can belCrapad lood for mIIn" up with handa "Alaral and akuof an both called ilhiban Graine: Alaral Akuof Tepbart Wajac Aaarof Muo Ta,Jite V_IHabl..: Eabako Apr TacoYa A1ikld lbellawent Abedebit Tamualt = Panjcum Iytum Kunth = Panjcum Iytum Kunth = Echlnochloa colona Link = Cenchrul b100ny = TribulUi ttmttll = Panjcum tuujdum '" ErtII'OIl!1 Ip, = GJ9M9D"DI boy'Mum Ill: MYDIt srwlfoU, • Cltru!"" co!ocxpthlt 8chrad =Cltru!"" co!ocxpthlt Schrad '" 1iluIls? = BOIrbui. wJutiolDl = Llmlum jndjcum Stackl rruita: Amalaja Tedant Abora Terallot Taballot GUIDI: Tamat Maja = Acacia rlS!dlana Savl = Botcja.tpI-ntll Lamk. '" Balanjtll HlYPl!aca '" Grewla populjfoUa Vahi. '" Zialphyt labHM '" Acacia mal Dil • Acacia rlS!djana Savi
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
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SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
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SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
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SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
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SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
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SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
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GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
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GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
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GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
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7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
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RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
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REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
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REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
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RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
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RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
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1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satis
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REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
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RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
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REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
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RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
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REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
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R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
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REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
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REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
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RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
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REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
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CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
Page 199 and 200: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
Page 201 and 202: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
Page 203 and 204: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
Page 205 and 206: 0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
Page 207 and 208: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
Page 209 and 210: CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
Page 211 and 212: • ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
Page 213 and 214: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
Page 215 and 216: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
Page 217 and 218: ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
Page 219: CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
Page 223 and 224: Introduction to the Case Studies Su
Page 225 and 226: INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
Page 227 and 228: PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
Page 235 and 236: PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
Page 237 and 238: Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
Page 239 and 240: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
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Page 243 and 244: THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
Page 245 and 246: THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
Page 247 and 248: Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
Page 249: TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
Page 253 and 254: TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
Page 255 and 256: THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
Page 257 and 258: 25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL N
Page 259 and 260: THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
Page 261 and 262: • Major well • Seuonal ftll •
Page 263 and 264: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
Page 265 and 266: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
Page 267 and 268: THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
Page 269 and 270: TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
Page 271 and 272: Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
Page 273 and 274: DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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Page 286 and 287: 276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
Page 288 and 289: 278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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Page 292 and 293: 282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTR
Page 294 and 295: 284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 296 and 297: 286 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
Page 298 and 299: Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
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290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
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292 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
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310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
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Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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314 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
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3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
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3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
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360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
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3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
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370 Board on Science and Technology
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372 technologies in developine coun
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ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
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376 scientists who were brought tog
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378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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