TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands
TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands
178 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPlOAL AND SUBTROPlOAL RANGELANDS bunch of plants from which the planter draws a plant for each setting is in one compartment, while in the other is the reserve supply. Each compartment should have enough wet moss or shingle tow to cover all roots. Improper planting practices are the greatest hazard to planting survival. Some critical items are noted below (Levin et al., 1953, Penroee and Hansen, 1981): • Do not plant in ground that has been "burned red" by a hot fire. • Do not plant in bark or rotten wood, unless it has decomposed and is mixed with dirt. • Place the plant at the correct depth (about 6 mm deepernever higher-than in the nursery); it is easy to see the old ground line on the plant. • Spread the main roots to a near natural pattern, not doubled or sharply bent. • Tamp the soil firmly around the roots at the bottom of the hole, as well as at the top, to eliminate air pockets, and anchor the plants so that they cannot be easily pulled up. • Leave the plant in an upright position with the root collar even with the general ground level, not sunk in a hole or raised on a mound. Weather is a major factor in seedling survival.· The season of planting should, of course, be appropriate to the area to be planted. Ideal planting weather is warm enough so the planters are comfortable without heavy clothing and humidity is high, due to mist, fog, or rain, so that the roots will not dry out under ordinary care. During severe seasons, many plants may succumb to heat and drought. Careful planning, however, can cut losses even during the worst years. Where local climate will allow it, planting should be done so that at least two months of moist soil conditions remain before the dry season. The choice of the planting season is naturally during the period when the stock is dormant. In temperate zones, most planting is usually done in the autumn or spring; in the tropics and subtropics it is usually done early in the rainy season. The usual practice is to initiate planting after a certain quantity of rain has fallen, or when the soil is wet to a certain depth. In Zambia, for example, planting is undertaken when the soil is moist to a depth of about 30 cm (Laurie, 1974). Damage to plantations by mammals and birds may usually be
RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 traceable to a particular genus (Levin et al., 1953). Three main groups of animals are of concern: the rodents (including the true rodents and the lagomorpha, or rabbits and hares), the ruminants (or cud-chewing animals), and birds. Competing vegetation is harmful except where needed to prevent severe erosion, and plantings should be made before a competitive sod forms or the sod should be scalped where the plant is inserted. Scalping or removal of sod, brush, or other competing vegetation is necessary on some sites to prevent stunting or killing of plants. This occurs principally in three ways: 1. Root competition. This is most serious on dry sites, but it may also be a factor on the wetter high-quality sites in dense vegetation. Greatest damage occurs during the critical first year or two when 86d and brush roots are feeding in the same root zone u the transplant. 2. Competition for light. This is most serious on the better sites, where the surrounding vegetation and brush shades or suppresees the plant. 3. Smothering. This is most serious on sites that produce tall grU888 and weeds that die in the fall and mat down over the plants. Scalping of the area around the spot to receive a transplant is done by the planters at the time ofplanting, using a planting mattock or grub hoe. The depth and diameter of the l!ICalped area will vary according to the density of the vegetative root systems and foliage. SELECTED PRACTICES Throughout the rangelands of the world, there are large areas where desirable forage plants have been reduced in vigor or eliminated by put abuse. Such lands produce few benefits and are a detriment to adjacent lands. Even with controlled grazing by livestock and, in some C&IIe8, complete protection, depleted areu might require 20 or more years to develop d.ir~le plants. Secondary sueceuion is very slow, or nonexistent in arid and semiarid rangelands where the vegetation has been depleted. Revegetation is the only means by which to establish desirable plants for protection and production in a relatively short period of time. Some examples follow. S1Jria. Transplanted container-grown seedlings of old man saltbush survived very well in western Syria (Csa) when placed in furrows
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RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179<br />
traceable to a particular genus (Levin et al., 1953). Three main<br />
groups of animals are of concern: the rodents (including the true<br />
rodents <strong>and</strong> the lagomorpha, or rabbits <strong>and</strong> hares), the ruminants<br />
(or cud-chewing animals), <strong>and</strong> birds.<br />
Competing vegetation is harmful except where needed to prevent<br />
severe erosion, <strong>and</strong> plantings should be made before a competitive<br />
sod forms or the sod should be scalped where the plant is inserted.<br />
Scalping or removal of sod, brush, or other competing vegetation is<br />
necessary on some sites to prevent stunting or killing of plants. This<br />
occurs principally in three ways:<br />
1. Root competition. This is most serious on dry sites, but<br />
it may also be a factor on the wetter high-quality sites in dense<br />
vegetation. Greatest damage occurs during the critical first year or<br />
two when 86d <strong>and</strong> brush roots are feeding in the same root zone u<br />
the transplant.<br />
2. Competition for light. This is most serious on the better<br />
sites, where the surrounding vegetation <strong>and</strong> brush shades or suppresees<br />
the plant.<br />
3. Smothering. This is most serious on sites that produce tall<br />
grU888 <strong>and</strong> weeds that die in the fall <strong>and</strong> mat down over the plants.<br />
Scalping of the area around the spot to receive a transplant is<br />
done by the planters at the time ofplanting, using a planting mattock<br />
or grub hoe. The depth <strong>and</strong> diameter of the l!ICalped area will vary<br />
according to the density of the vegetative root systems <strong>and</strong> foliage.<br />
SELECTED PRACTICES<br />
Throughout the rangel<strong>and</strong>s of the world, there are large areas<br />
where desirable forage plants have been reduced in vigor or eliminated<br />
by put abuse. Such l<strong>and</strong>s produce few benefits <strong>and</strong> are a<br />
detriment to adjacent l<strong>and</strong>s. Even with controlled grazing by livestock<br />
<strong>and</strong>, in some C&IIe8, complete protection, depleted areu might<br />
require 20 or more years to develop d.ir~le plants. Secondary sueceuion<br />
is very slow, or nonexistent in arid <strong>and</strong> semiarid rangel<strong>and</strong>s<br />
where the vegetation has been depleted. Revegetation is the only<br />
means by which to establish desirable plants for protection <strong>and</strong> production<br />
in a relatively short period of time. Some examples follow.<br />
S1Jria. Transplanted container-grown seedlings of old man saltbush<br />
survived very well in western Syria (Csa) when placed in furrows
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