TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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158 IMPROVAI1INT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPICAL RANGIfLANDS I'IGURE 7-5 A watenprudiDl cUb. Not. InA production on left of dike .h.N water Ia conc:atrated. (AericulturaJ ReHarc:h SerYM:e) obeerved, and the optiou realistically evaluated, then chancee of BUcce18 can be hilh. Choke of Areal In decidinl whether an area should be eeeded, the ranle manaler should uk the followinl queetiOll8: 1. Ia eeed.ini abeolutely needed? Ranlee can be rehabilitated more poeitively and at lower cost by better liveetock distribution, better IYltems of Sluinl, or reduced lItockinl. Only where the deeirable native perennial forap plaDti are UmOllt completely killed out is eeedini ellential. Such areu will have a forale condition ratiinl of poor or very poor. Where the forage condition ratinl of a ranle is fair or better, aDd acceptable forage lPeclee are preeent, a ranle will pnerally improve under load Sluinl manapment. 2. An proven methods available for the lite? If the &DIWer is no, projects should not be undertaken until [ 1.)ltIZ ,d byCoogIe
REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 159 satisfactory procedures have been developed. Sites with the highest potential should be chosenj otherwise adverse site conditions may increase the risk of failure. 3. Can proven methods be used? On many sites, the procedures are known for the general type of processes but cannot be followed because excessive rocks, steep slopes, or other factors prevent the use of appropriate equipment or the application of established methods. 4. Can the area be given proper gruing management after seeding? Seeding should not be started until proper grazing management can be assured. Preliminary Considerations Plant Cover The usual goal of developing a useful stand of desirable plants may be achieved by selective plant control or a change in grazing management. Seeding is an expensive and risky undertaking, and should be avoided if possible. ~ a general rule, at least one shrub and 10 desirable herbaceous plants per 9 m 2 should be present following revegetation. Terrain and Soil Deep, fertile soils on level to gently sloping land are preferred sites for seeding. Shallow or rocky soils seldom have the potential tojustify expensive reclamation measures. Insome areas, excessive amounts ofsoluble salts in the soil require additional attention to ensure adequate plant establishment. Precipitation In addition to being appropriate for the terrain and soils of the area to be seeded, the species selected should be well adapted to the precipitation regime ofthe area. Existing vegetation is generally a good indicator ofavailable moisture. In &reas ofunreliable precipitation, the germination, establishment, and survival of the seeded species is better allured ifavailable precipitation is augmented by additional water made available through precipitation harvesting ~ques. Competition Meet plants used for revegetation are perennials. Seedlings of these species are often slow-growing and compete poorly at the seedling stage with existing, unwanted plants. A good seedbed will provide the best poaible moisture conditions for germination and plant growth (figure 7-6). This requires the control of meet existing plants before seeding.
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- ....... .I,"U1J:1~ National Resea
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PANEL ON THE IMPROVEMENT or TROPICA
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can be restored to the world's rang
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4 Dromedary Pastoralism in Mrica an
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OVERVIEW 3 associated with the exte
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OVERVIEW 5 results, they must be su
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OVERVIEW 7 higher levels of biologi
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OVERVIEW 9 of approaching this obje
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Introduction In this report, rangel
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INTRODUCTION 15 protein per hour of
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INTRODUOTION 17 Moreover, grain cro
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Sudan 66 million hectlln8 (permanen
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Zambia Countrywide, Upper Zambesi (
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People's Democratic Republic ofVeme
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Saudi Arabia Countrywide 85 miIllon
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Arghaniatan 30 million hectara Low
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INTRODUCTION 29 knowledge, adaptati
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1 The Nature ofTropical and Subtrop
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THE NATURE 0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPI
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THE NA.TURE OF TROP/OAL AND SUBTROP
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THE NATURE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPI
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TllB aoorAL aoNTEXT FOR RANGELAND I
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THE SOOIAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE SOOIAL CONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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T11B aOorAL OONTl:XT FOR RANQIILAND
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THE SOorAL OONTEXT FOR RANGELAND IM
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 55 proved extr
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 57 • The cas
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 59 Climate and
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 61 CAlIH_11ON
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 63 and returns
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THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 65 The basic p
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 67 can give a
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 69 evaluation.
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THE EOONOMIO OONTEXT 71 fashion or
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4 Regional Resource Assessment The
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 75 onl
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 77 wil
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REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 79 spe
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REGIONAL RESOUROB ASSB88MENT 81 Aqa
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 83 imp
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REGIONAL RESOUROE AS8mJSMENT 85 60
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSB88JlENT 87 Ta
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 89 •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 91 FIG
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N r;; (L ~ C) o ~ -rv • 01 . •
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REGIONAL RESOUROE ASSESSMENT 95 The
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SITE EVALUATION 97 The natural proc
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SIT8 EVALUATION 99 Climate is diffi
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SITB EVALUATION 101 Instantaneous m
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SITE EVALUATION 103 by field observ
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SITE EVALUATION 105 dynamics ofan e
Page 117 and 118: SITE EVALUATION 107 macbiuery at le
Page 119 and 120: SIT8 EVALUATION 109 the better is t
Page 121 and 122: SITE EVALUATION 111 Animal 7Jpe. Al
Page 123 and 124: SITE EVALUATION 113 by component. M
Page 125 and 126: SITE EVALUATION 115 National Raearc
Page 127 and 128: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 117 Species that
Page 129 and 130: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 119 the loss of
Page 131 and 132: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 121 seed product
Page 133 and 134: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 123 FIGURE 8-2 (
Page 135 and 136: GRAZING MANAG8MENT 125 FIGURE 6-4 A
Page 137 and 138: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 127 FIGURE 6-6 C
Page 139 and 140: GRAZING MANAGDIBNT conditions by pr
Page 141 and 142: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 181 FIGURE 6-9 (
Page 143 and 144: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 133 The success
Page 145 and 146: GRAZING MANAGEMENT IS5 a more nutri
Page 147 and 148: GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and,
Page 149 and 150: 7 Rehabilitation Techniques ESTABLI
Page 151 and 152: RBlIABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 141 to h
Page 153 and 154: REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 143 habit
Page 155 and 156: REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 145 Some
Page 157 and 158: REHABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 147 Topog
Page 159 and 160: REHABILn'ATlON TEOHNIQUES 149 years
Page 161 and 162: RE1IABILrl'ATION TEOHNIQUES 151 are
Page 163 and 164: REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 153 FIGUR
Page 165 and 166: RBllABILlTATlON TEOHNIQUES 155 Adva
Page 167: 1UUIAB1LlTATION TE01IN1QUEB 157 Adv
Page 171 and 172: REHAB1LlTATlON TECHNIQUES 161 Plant
Page 173 and 174: RElIABlL1TATION TEOHNIQUES 163 FIGU
Page 175 and 176: REHABHJTATION TECHNIQUES 165 FIGURE
Page 177 and 178: RBIlAB1LITATION TBOlINIQU1l8 167
Page 179 and 180: REHABIL17'ATION TEOHNIQUES 169 FIGU
Page 181 and 182: REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 171 plast
Page 183 and 184: R.ElIABILlTATION TEOHNIQUES 178 The
Page 185 and 186: REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES 175 6onne
Page 187 and 188: REHAB1LJTATION TECHNIQUES 117 Desic
Page 189 and 190: RE1lAlJ1LlTATION TBOHNlQUBS 179 tra
Page 191 and 192: RElIABlLlTATION TEOHNIQUES 181 sand
Page 193 and 194: REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 183 Barke
Page 195 and 196: REHABILITATION TEOHNIQUES 185 Sb.nl
Page 197 and 198: CRlTERlA FOR PLANT SELECTION 187
Page 199 and 200: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 189 La
Page 201 and 202: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SBLEOTION 191 70
Page 203 and 204: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 193 AD
Page 205 and 206: 0R1TER1A 'OR PLANT SICLEOTION 195 m
Page 207 and 208: CRITERIA FOR PLANT SICLECTION 197 C
Page 209 and 210: CRITERIA 'OR PLANT SELEOTION 199 di
Page 211 and 212: • ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 20
Page 213 and 214: ORJTERIA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 203 st
Page 215 and 216: ORITERIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 205 An
Page 217 and 218: ORJTBRIA FOR PLANT SELECTION 207 In
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CRITERlA FOR PLANT SELEOTlON 209 Mo
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Introduction to the Case Studies Su
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INTRODUOTION TO THE OASE STUDIES 21
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PASTORAL REGIMES 0' MAURITANIA 217
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PASTORAL REGIMES OF MAURITANIA 225
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Case Study 2 The Beni Mguild ofMoro
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 229 on t
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 231 thei
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THE BENI MGUILD OF MOROOOO 238 Alth
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THE BEN! MGUILD OF MOROOOO 235 -tle
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Case Study 3 The Kel Tamasheq SUSAN
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TIn: KEL TAMASHEQ 239 TABLE 8-1 Ave
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THE KEL TAMAS11EQ 20U TABLE S-4 Com
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TIlE KEL TAMASHEQ TABLE 3-6 Proport
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THE KEL TAMABHEQ 245 maintain healt
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25 0 25 IlO 75100 , ";) ~ 1:25kmL N
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ the two somehow me
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• Major well • Seuonal ftll •
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 253 FIGURE 3-3 T8n
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 255 N 1 I.. I ----
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THE KEL TAMASHEQ 257 about 10 m to
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TABLE 1-10 ComparUoD ofU_ of Variou
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Case Study 4 Dromedary Pastoralism
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DROMEDARY PASTORALISM IN AFRIOA AND
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DROMEDARY PASTORAUSM IN AFRIOA AND
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276 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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278 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND 8UB
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282 IMPROVDaNT0' TROPIOAL AND SUBTR
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284 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPICAL AND SUB
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Case Study 6 The Marri Baluch ofPak
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290 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPIOAL AND SUB
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Case Study 7 Changing Patterns ofRe
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~ IMPROVEMENT OF TROP/GAL AND SUBTR
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30& IMPROVBlD:NT OF TROPICAL AND SU
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310 IMPROVI:ID:NT OF TROP/GAL AND B
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Case Study 8 Kenya: Seeking Remedie
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Case Study 10 Wildlife Land Use at
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33" IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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338 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOALAND SUBT
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3.2 IMPROVIlMIlNT 0' TROPICAL AND S
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3« IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUB
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3" IMPROVEAaNT OF TROPICAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 12 The Potential of Faid
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352 IMPROVEMENT 0' TROPICAL AND SUB
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356 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPIOAL AND SU
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360 IMPROVEMENT 01' TROPICAL AND SU
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3M IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBT
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Case Study 13 Improving Nigeria's A
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370 Board on Science and Technology
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372 technologies in developine coun
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ham_ saline reeourcee that are sene
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376 scientists who were brought tog
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378 T.O.O.L. Publication, Entropotd
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TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands

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