TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands
TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands TheImprovement ofTropical and Subtropical Rangelands
186 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS FIGURE 6-11 Shrub craulanc:la in Morocco that trY grued Huon long on the left but reHrYed for onl, one growing Huon on the richt. Forage NlMlrVea provide valuable protection against periodic droughu, which are SUN to occur on rangeland. (J. 01tourb) is a management strategy from previous centuries that still hu merit for maintaining forage reserves for the expected drought years. THE BEJUMA SYSTEM IN MALI The /aerimo system is a variant of the /aemo system. It was introduced into the Muina Region of Mali in the 18208 by the Pulo cleric, Shehu Hamadu. The system is belived to have been derived from management systems established earlier in the Sokoto Region of Nigeria. The /aerimo system was installed to: • Regulate the use of the upland rangelands; • Reduce animal-diseue hazarda very common in the swampy lowland areu; and • Reduce conflicts between farmers and putoralists. The problems of the Muina Region have not changed greatly since the lut century. Every year, more than 20,000 km 2 of land UIOCiated with the Inland Delta of the Niger River are temporarily [ 1.)ltIZ ,d byCoogIe
GRAZING MANAGEMENT 137 flooded and, as a result, the lowlands can support livestock only during periods when the swamps dry out. Infestation by various parasites and insects associated with the swampy conditions is a major cause of animalloes. The reduction of grazing areas during the period of inundation prompted overgrazing around villages. The insecurity of livestock herds outside the Inland Delta Region during the wet season, from July to November, had increased this deterioration of rangelands. Since the Inland Delta Region had great potential for rice cultivation, many conflicts occurred between farmers and pastoralists. Shehu Hamadu developed the laerimo system as a strategy to solve a number of problems in hie kingdom. There are several characteristics of the laerimo system. For example: • Grazing zones were allocated for milch cows and were placed under the control of the community. • Large grazing areas were allocated for use by dry herds, which come from everywhere. • Tranahumance was established to reduce disease hazards. This was pouible only when Shehu Hamadu organized troops to protect pastoralists in regions not controlled by the kingdom of Masina. • Rules were formulated to regulate the use of the rangelands and reduce conflicts. The laenmo system was readily accepted because it was sanctioned by Islam, and Shehu Hamadu ruled his country according to the tenets of the Qur'an and the Hades. Some of the results of the laerimo system can be seen even today. Among them are: • Respect for the organizational structures developed by Shehu Hamadu endures because these structures have religious support and the organization responds to the needs of the people in the area. • A high-intensity land 1188 pattern is in operation that includes the entire range of available resources. • The calendar for the use of rangelands and the migratory routel established in the time ofthe Dina (laenmo) are still respected. • A strong sense of ownership has developed among pastoralists who control the use of their communal herimas. Pastoralists also are in charge of improving these lands. • Land is allocated for the production of rice, which is the major staple food in the Inland Delta Region. Pastoralists living in the Inland Delta Region consider the laerimo system as essential for the use of the resources, and are strongly
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186 IMPROVEMENT OF TROPIOAL AND SUBTROPIOAL RANGELANDS<br />
FIGURE 6-11 Shrub craulanc:la in Morocco that trY grued Huon long on<br />
the left but reHrYed for onl, one growing Huon on the richt. Forage NlMlrVea<br />
provide valuable protection against periodic droughu, which are SUN to occur<br />
on rangel<strong>and</strong>. (J. 01tourb)<br />
is a management strategy from previous centuries that still hu merit<br />
for maintaining forage reserves for the expected drought years.<br />
THE BEJUMA SYSTEM IN MALI<br />
The /aerimo system is a variant of the /aemo system. It was<br />
introduced into the Muina Region of Mali in the 18208 by the Pulo<br />
cleric, Shehu Hamadu. The system is belived to have been derived<br />
from management systems established earlier in the Sokoto Region<br />
of Nigeria. The /aerimo system was installed to:<br />
• Regulate the use of the upl<strong>and</strong> rangel<strong>and</strong>s;<br />
• Reduce animal-diseue hazarda very common in the swampy<br />
lowl<strong>and</strong> areu; <strong>and</strong><br />
• Reduce conflicts between farmers <strong>and</strong> putoralists.<br />
The problems of the Muina Region have not changed greatly<br />
since the lut century. Every year, more than 20,000 km 2 of l<strong>and</strong><br />
UIOCiated with the Inl<strong>and</strong> Delta of the Niger River are temporarily<br />
[ 1.)ltIZ ,d byCoogIe
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