Invasive breast carcinoma - IARC

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Dr Manuel TEIXEIRA Department of Genetics Portuguese Oncology Institute Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino Almeida 4200-072 Porto PORTUGAL Tel. +351 22 550 20 11/50 78 Fax. +351 22 502 64 89 mteixeir@ipoporto.min-saude.pt Dr Laura J. VAN’T VEER Department of Molecular Pathology Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 20 5122754 Fax. +31 20 5122759 lveer@nki.nl Dr A.R. VENKITARAMAN MRC Cancer Cell Unit Dept. of Oncology, Hills Road University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 2XZ UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 122 333 6901 Fax. +44 122 376 3374 arv22@cam.ac.uk Dr Michael WELLS** Academic Unit of Pathology Medical School Beech Hill Road Sheffield S10 2RX UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 114 271 2397/2683 Fax. +44 114 226 1464 m.wells@sheffield.ac.uk Dr Massimo TOMMASINO Unit of Infection and Cancer International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 81 91 Fax. +33 4 72 73 84 42 tommasino@iarc.fr Dr Russell S. VANG Department of Gynecologic and Breast Pathology, Building 54, Room 1072 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Washington, D.C. 20306-6000 U.S.A. Tel. +1 202-782-1609 Fax. +1 202-782-3939 vangr@afip.osd.mil Dr René H.M. VERHEIJEN Division of Gynaecologycal Oncology VU University Medical Center P.O. Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 20 444 4851 Fax. +31 20 444 3333 r.verheijen@vumc.nl Dr Edward J. WILKINSON Department of Pathology University of Florida College of Medicine 1600 S.W. Archer Rd. Gainesville, FL 32610-0275 U.S.A Tel. +1 352 265 0238 Fax. +1 352 265 0437 wilkinso@pathology.ufl.edu Dr Airo TSUBURA Second Department of Pathology Kansai Medical University 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 JAPAN Tel. +81 6 6993 9431 Fax. +81 6 6992 5023 tsubura@takii.kmu.ac.jp Dr Hans F.A. VASEN Netherlands Foundation for the Detection of Hereditary Tumours Poortgebouw Zuid, Rijnsburgerweg 10 2333 AA Leiden THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 71 5262687 Fax. +31 71 5212137 nfdht@xs4all.nl Dr William R. WELCH Department of Pathology Brigham and Women’s Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 732 4745 Fax. +1 617 734 8490 wrwelch@bics.bwh.harvard.edu Dr Andrew WOTHERSPOON Department of Histopathology Royal Marsden Trust Fulham Road London SW3 6JJ UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 207 352 73 48 Fax. +44 207 352 73 48 a n d r e w . w o t h e r s p o o n @ r m h . n t h a m e s . n h s . u k Dr Paul J. VAN DIEST Department of Pathology Universitair Medisch Centrum Ultrecht Heidelberglaan 100 3508 GA Utrecht THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 30 250 6565 Fax. +31 30 254 4990 pj.vandiest@vumc.nl Contributors 369
Source of charts and photographs 1. 01.01 IARC, Lyon 01.02 Dr. P. Pisani 01.03 Dr. A. Sasco 01.04 IARC, Lyon 01.05 Dr. R. Kaaks 01.06 Dr. R. Kaaks/ Dr. A. Sasco 01.07 Dr. I.O. Ellis 01.08A-01.10C Dr. L. Tabár 01.11 Dr. R. Caduff 01.12A,B Dr. S.J. Schnitt 01.12C Dr. I.O. Ellis 01.13 Dr. J. Jacquemier 01.14A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.15-01.16A Dr. J.L. Peterse 01.16B Dr. S.J. Schnitt 01.17A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.18 Dr. X. Sastre-Garau 01.19A,B Dr. L. Tabár 01.20-01.21C Dr. X. Sastre-Garau 01.22A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.23 Dr. L. Tabár 01.24A-01.25 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.26 Dr. L. Tabár 01.27 Dr. I.O. Ellis 01.28 Dr. X. Sastre-Garau 01.29A-C Dr. L. Tabár 01.30 Dr. R. Caduff 01.31A-01.32D Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.33A Dr. S.J. Schnitt 01.33B-01.34 Dr. G. Bussolati 01.35A-C Dr. L. Tabár 01.36A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.37-01.38C Dr. J.L. Peterse 01.39-01.41 Dr. V. Eusebi 01.42-01.43 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.44A Dr. Okcu Institut für Pathologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria 01.44B-01.47 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.48 Dr. U. Raju 01.49A Dr. R. Caduff 01.49B-01.51B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.52-01.55 Dr. V. Eusebi 01.56 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli The copyright remains with the authors. Requests for permission to reproduce figures or charts should be directed to the respective contributor. For address see Contributors List. 01.57-01.61 Dr. V. Eusebi 01.62A-01.64 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.65-01.068 Dr. P. Devilee 01.69 Dr. A.L. Borresen-Dale 01.70 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.71 Dr. S.J. Schnitt 01.72 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.73 Dr. L.J. van’t Veer 01.74A-01.75C Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.76 Dr. W. Boecker 01.77A-01.80B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.80C,D Dr. W. Boecker 01.81-01.82 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.83 Dr. R. Heywang- Koebrunner 01.84 Dr. W. Boecker 01.85A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.86A-D Dr. R. Heywang- Koebrunner 01.87A,B Dr. L. Tabár 01.88A,B Dr. W. Boecker 01.89A-01.90B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.90C-D Dr. W. Boecker 01.90E-01.91 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.92-01.93 Dr. L. Tabár 01.94A Dr. W. Boecker 01.94B-01.97C Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.98-01.99B Dr. G. MacGrogan 01.100-01.101C Dr. U. Raju 01.102A,B Dr. G. MacGrogan 01.103A-C Dr. W. Boecker 01.103D Dr. G. MacGrogan 01.104 Dr. U. Raju 01.105A-C Dr. L. Tabár 01.106A Dr. M. Drijkoningen 01.106B-D Dr. G. MacGrogan 01.107 Dr. M. Drijkoningen 01.108-01.109A Dr. B.B. Nielsen 01.109B Dr. S.J. Schnitt 01.109C Dr. M. Drijkoningen 01.110A,B Dr. W. Boecker 01.111 Dr. B.B. Nielsen 01.112 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.113 Dr. B.B. Nielsen 01.114-01.117 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.118 Dr. W. Boecker 01.119 Dr. A.G.J.M. Hanselaar 01.120 Dr. M. Drijkoningen 01.121A-01.122B Dr. G. Bussolati 01.123 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.124 Dr. G. Bussolati 01.125A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.126A,B Dr. B.B. Nielsen 01.127A-01.131B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.132 Dr. J.L. Peterse 01.133-01.136 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.137A-01.139 Dr. J.P. Bellocq 01.140A-C Dr. V. Eusebi 01.141-01.142 Dr. J.L. Peterse 01.143-01.145B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.146A-01.152C Dr. J.P. Bellocq 01.153A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 01.154 Dr. J.P. Bellocq 01.155-01.157B Dr. V. Eusebi 01.158A-C Dr. K.T. Mai 01.159A-01.160 Dr. J. Lamovec 01.161 Dr. E.S. Jaffe NIH, National Cancer I n s t i t u t e, Bethesda MD, U.S.A 01.162 Dr. J. Lamovec 01.163 Dr. J. Jacquemier 01.164-01.166 Dr. K. Prechtel 01.167 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 2. 02.01 IARC 02.02 Dr. R.A. Kubik-Huch 02.03A Dr. J. Prat 02.03B Dr. L. Roth 02.04A Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.04B Dr. S. Lax 02.05 Dr. J. Prat 02.06A.B Dr. M. Dietel 02.07A Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.07B Dr. S. Lax 02.08 Dr. J. Prat 02.09A Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.09B Dr. M. Dietel 02.10A,B Dr. J. Prat 02.11 Dr. M. Dietel 02.12 Dr. A.I. Karseladze 02.13 Dr. M. Dietel 02.14 Dr. R.H. Young Dept. Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, U.S.A 02.15 Dr. K. Lee 02.16A Dr. J. Prat 02.16B Dr. K. Lee 02.17 Dr. R.H. Young 02.18-02.19 Dr. K. Lee 02.20 Dr. J. Prat 02.21A Dr. K. Lee 02.21B Dr. J. Prat 02.22-02.24B Dr. K. Lee 02.25 Dr. R.H. Young 02.26 Dr. K. Lee 02.27 Dr. J. Prat 02.28A,B Dr. S. Lax 02.29A,B Dr. J. Prat 02.30A Dr. S. Lax 02.30B-02.31A Dr. J. Prat 02.31B Dr. L. Roth 02.32-02.34 Dr. J. Prat 02.35 Dr. C.H. Buckley 02.36 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.37A Dr. S. Lax 02.37B Dr. J. Prat 02.38 Dr. S. Lax 02.39A Dr. A.I. Karseladze 02.39B Dr. L. Roth 02.40 Dr. A.I. Karseladze 02.41 Dr. J. Prat 02.42 Dr. R. Vang 02.43 Dr. V. Abeler 02.44A,B Dr. J. Prat 02.45 Dr. R.A. Kubik-Huch 02.46 Dr. R. Vang 02.47 Dr. J. Prat 02.48A,B Dr. D.J. Gersell 02.49 Dr. J. Prat 02.50-02.53A Dr. D.J. Gersell 02.53B Dr. J. Prat 02.53C Dr. D.J. Gersell 02.54A,B Dr. E.G. Silva 02.55 Dr. R.A. Kubik-Huch 02.56A-02.63B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.64A-02.65 Dr. D.J. Gersell 02.66 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.67A-02.69 Dr. D.J. Gersell 02.70 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.71 Dr. L. Roth 02.72A-02.73 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.74-02.75A Dr. E. Mooney 02.75B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.75C-02.78 Dr. E. Mooney 02.79A-02.80 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.81 Dr. E. Mooney 02.82 Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.83-02.84A Dr. L. Roth 02.84B Dr. S. Lax 02.85 Dr. E. Mooney 02.86 Dr. L. Roth 02.87A,B Dr. P.E. Schwartz 02.88A-02.97 Dr. F. Nogales 02.98A,B Dr. F.A. Tavassoli 02.99 Dr. R.A. Kubik-Huch 370 Source of charts and photographs
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Previous volumes in this series Kle
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World Health Organization Classific
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Published by IARC Press, Internatio
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CHAPTER 1 Tumours of the Breast Can
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TNM classification of carcinomas of
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Invasive breast carcinoma I.O. Elli
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Rapid growth and greater adult heig
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tives, administrative and clerical
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Grade 1 - well differentiated: 3-5
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ent and this is occasionally extens
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Most melanotic tumours of the breas
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A Fig. 1.22 A Classic invasive lobu
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yet others at 90% {97,2147}. For pr
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Fig. 1.27 Medullary carcinoma. The
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myoepithelial cells in fibro a d e
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A Fig. 1.33 Neuroendocrine carcinom
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Macroscopy Fisher et al. reported t
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Fig. 1.39 Apocrine carcinoma. Note
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cells contain intracytoplasmic lume
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A Fig. 1.50 Carcinosarcoma. A Two a
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A B C Fig. 1.75 Lobular neoplasia.
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Intraductal proliferative lesions F
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A B absence of either microcalcific
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Fig. 1.83 Atypical ductal hyperplas
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A B Fig. 1.88 Large excision biopsy
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unusual variants as well. Using thi
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esemble those identified in invasiv
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A B Fig. 1.97 Microinvasive carcino
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A Papilloma may be subject to morph
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A B C Fig. 1.103 Papillary intraduc
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colour measuring from 0.5 to 12 cm.
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Immunoprofile The cases studied by
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Glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma
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Differential diagnosis There may be
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quality metaphase spreads from an i
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Fig. 1.67 Lobular carcinoma of brea
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detectable distant metastasis displ
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detected at a late stage as small t
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Extent of ductal carcinoma in situ
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Benign epithelial proliferations G.
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Fig. 1.112 Microglandular adenosis.
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A Apocrine adenoma ICD-O code 8401/
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A B Fig. 1.128 Adenomyoepithelioma,
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Mesenchymal tumours M. Drijkoningen
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1113,1275}. There is a complex patt
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A B Fig. 1.137 A Lipoma. Intraparen
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Fig. 1.141 Angiosarcoma after breas
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A Fig. 1.144 Mammary osteosarcoma.
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Fibroepithelial tumours J.P. Belloc
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aged women (average age of presenta
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lished data suggests a 21% rate of
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A Fig. 1.157 Syringomatous adenoma
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Malignant lymphoma and metastatic t
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used. Inflammatory conditions in th
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male population both in the USA and
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CHAPTER 2 Tumours of the Ovary and
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Polyembryoma 9072/3 Non-gestational
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Surface epithelial-stromal tumours
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A Fig. 2.04 A Serous borderline tum
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A Fig. 2.06 Serous borderline tumou
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A Fig. 2.10 Invasive peritoneal imp
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Fig. 2.15 Mucinous carcinoma with i
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Fig. 2.20 Mucinous endocervical-lik
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A Fig. 2.28 Mucinous cystic tumour
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early secretory endometrium {2605}.
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IV, 6% {2233}. Patients with grade
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A Fig. 2.37 A This polypoid intracy
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Fig. 2.40 Endometrioid cyst with at
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1 tumours are extremely rare. Almos
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Fig. 2.50 Borderline Brenner tumour
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express thrombomodulin and have bee
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serous and transitional cell carcin
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is yellow to tan with a variable ad
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Genetic susceptibility JGCTs may pr
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Clinical features F i b romas may b
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distinguishes this tumour from the
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A Fig. 2.77 A Retiform Sertoli-Leyd
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Mean ages of 21 and 38 years and me
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Tumours unassociated with PJS form
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mal origin without crystals of Rein
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Germ cell tumours F. Nogales A. Tal
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cases, anisokaryosis has no prognos
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ation may coexist in the same neopl
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Table 2.06 Grading of ovarian immat
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A B Fig. 2.102 A Mature cystic tera
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Diagnostic procedures Elevated urin
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associated with mature teratomas sh
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atives intimately admixed. The germ
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Fig. 2.113 Mixed germ cell-sex cord
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A Fig. 2.116 A Adenomatous hyperpla
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Fig. 2.117 Small cell carcinoma, hy
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Clinical features Adenoid cystic-li
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Histopathology This epithelial tumo
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sis. Corpus luteum of pregnancy has
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Lymphomas and leukaemias L.M. Roth
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Secondary tumours of the ovary J. P
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Occasionally, the colonic adenocarc
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Peritoneal tumours S.C. Mok J.O. Sc
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A B Fig. 2.140 Cystic adenomatoid m
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whelmingly poor {1038,1547,2310}. H
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CHAPTER 3 Tumours of the Fallopian
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TNM and FIGO classification of carc
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Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Endomet
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Two examples of adenofibroma of bor
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A Fig. 3.11 Adenomatoid tumour. A T
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Clinical features Patients range in
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Fig. 3.16 Uterus-like mass. The cys
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CHAPTER 4 Tumours of the Uterine Co
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TNM and FIGO classification of non-
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Epithelial tumours and related lesi
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma fro m a
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fers from the prototypical type I e
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the ovary and bladder. Unlike prima
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schema {1535,2602}. Although this c
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Table 4.03 Altered gene function in
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Mesenchymal tumours and related les
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areas are limited to less than 30%
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A B C Fig. 4.30 Leiomyosarcoma. A T
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e used sparingly and is reserved fo
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A B Fig. 4.38 Leiomyoma with perino
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cytological atypia, tumour cell nec
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Prognosis and predictive factors Th
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tumours may superficially invade th
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A Fig. 4.46 A Gestational choriocar
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A Fig. 4.49 A Classic complete hyda
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Sex cord-like, neuroectodermal and
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Secondary tumours of the uterine co
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WHO histological classification of
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Epithelial tumours M. Wells J.M. Ne
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Fig. 5.04 Mechanisms of human papil
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Fig. 5.08 Keratinizing squamous cel
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in their Asian population {2957}. I
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have a strong association with high
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e red by squamous epithelium {380}.
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the
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metrial epithelium. In some cases t
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with distinct cell borders and a gr
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Mesenchymal tumours M.L. Carcangiu
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{781}, liposarcoma {2840,3016}, ost
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Fig. 5.44 Wilms tumour. The tumour
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A Fig. 5.47 Implant of endometrial
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CHAPTER 6 Tumours of the Vagina Alt
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Epithelial tumours E.S. Andersen A.
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Aetiology The fact that both VAIN a
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Fig. 6.10 Fibroepithelial polyp.A m
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er of mitoses varies but is usually
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ICD-O codes Adenosquamous carcinoma
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A C Fig. 6.17 Sarcoma botryoides. A
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1-11 cm. They may arise anywhere in
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elsewhere in the female genital tra
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A Fig. 6.24 Yolk sac tumour. A The
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g rowing in sheets. Some may have s
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WHO histological classification of
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Epithelial tumours E.J. Wilkinson M
Page 316 and 317: even with additional sectioning, it
Page 318 and 319: type) is a highly diff e rentiated
Page 320 and 321: Clinical features Bartholin gland c
Page 322 and 323: glandular elements surrounded by fi
Page 324 and 325: Mesenchymal tumours R.L. Kempson M.
Page 326 and 327: Table 7.03 Differential diagnosis o
Page 328 and 329: Prognosis and predictive factors A
Page 330 and 331: Table 7.04 Clark levels of cutaneou
Page 332 and 333: A Fig. 7.23 Vulvar peripheral primi
Page 334 and 335: Familial aggregation of cancers of
Page 336 and 337: BRCA1 syndrome Definition Inherited
Page 338 and 339: dispose individuals to the developm
Page 340 and 341: Fig. 8.05 To assess whether wild-ty
Page 342 and 343: Fig. 8.07 Factors that modify risk
Page 344 and 345: BRCA2 syndrome R. Eeles S. Piver S.
Page 346 and 347: tubal or ovarian carcinomas. Howeve
Page 348 and 349: in typical nuclear foci that may re
Page 350 and 351: Breast tumours Frequency Breast can
Page 352 and 353: Fig. 8.14 Codon distribution of som
Page 354 and 355: Breast tumours Age distribution and
Page 356 and 357: Hereditary non-polyposis colon canc
Page 358 and 359: essary in the evaluation of the pat
Page 360 and 361: Age distribution and penetrance Mos
Page 362 and 363: Contributors Dr Vera M. ABELER** De
Page 364 and 365: Dr Carlo LA VECCHIA Laboratory of E
Page 368 and 369: 02.100 Dr. A. Ostor 02.101 Dr. F.A.
Page 370 and 371: 52. Akhtar M, Robinson C, Ashraf Al
Page 372 and 373: 180. Bapat K, Brustein S (1989). Ut
Page 374 and 375: 307. Bolis GB, Maccio T (2000). Cle
Page 376 and 377: 436. Chang J, Sharpe JC, A'Hern RP,
Page 378 and 379: 562. Costa MJ, Ames PF, Walls J, Ro
Page 380 and 381: 689. Di Domenico A, Stangl F, Benni
Page 382 and 383: 820. Falck J, Petrini JH, Williams
Page 384 and 385: 943. Gad A, Azzopardi JG (1975). Lo
Page 386 and 387: 1067. Grimes MM (1992). Cystosarcom
Page 388 and 389: 1197. Herod JJ, Shafi MI, Rollason
Page 390 and 391: 1323. Jacques SM, Qureshi F, Ramire
Page 392 and 393: 1449. Khalifa MA, Mannel RS, Harawa
Page 394 and 395: 1564. Lagios MD (1977). Multicentri
Page 396 and 397: 1687. Loman N, Johannsson O, Kristo
Page 398 and 399: 1807. McCluggage G, McBride H, Maxw
Page 400 and 401: 1937. Mukai M, Torikata C, Iri H (1
Page 402 and 403: 2056. Norris HJ, Taylor HB (1967).
Page 404 and 405: 2180. Park JS, Jones RW, McLean MR,
Page 406 and 407: 2304. Puls LE, Hamous J, Morrow MS,
Page 408 and 409: 2 4 3 4 . Rosen PP, Groshen S, Saig
Page 410 and 411: 2559. Schlesinger C, Silverberg SG
Page 412 and 413: 2686. Silverberg SG (1999). Protoco
Page 414 and 415: 2806. Stutz JA, Evans AJ, Pinder S,
Page 416 and 417:
2942. Tornos C, Silva EG, Ordonez N
Page 418 and 419:
3061. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ (1990).
Page 420 and 421:
3189. Yoshioka T, Tanaka T (2000).
Page 422 and 423:
References 425
Page 424 and 425:
Biphasic teratomas, 168 BLM, 341, 3
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G GADD45, 343, 353 GCDFP-15, 25, 33
Page 428 and 429:
MPNST, see Malignant peripheral ner
Page 430:
Small cell / oat cell carcinoma, 32
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