Invasive breast carcinoma - IARC

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Dr Carlo LA VECCHIA Laboratory of Epidemiology Istituto "Mario Negri" Via Eritrea 62 I-20157 Milano ITALY Tel. +390 02 390 14527 Fax. +39 02 332 00231 lavecchia@marionegri.it Dr Gaetano MAGRO Dipartimento G.F. INGRASSIA Anatomia Patologica Università di Catania 95123 Catania ITALY Tel. +39 952 56025 Fax. +39 95256023 gaetano.magro@tiscali.it Dr Eoghan E. MOONEY** Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine National Maternity Hospital Dublin 2 IRELAND Tel. +353 1 63 735 31 Fax. +353 1 67 65 048 emooney@nmh.ie Dr Edward S. NEWLANDS Medical Oncology Charing Cross Hospital Imperial College School of Medicine London W6 8RF UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 208 8461419 Fax. +44 208 7485665 enewlands@imperial.ac.uk Dr Sunil R. LAKHANI* The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre Chester Beatty Labs London SW3 6JB UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 20 7153 5525 Fax. +44 20 7153 5533 sunil.lakhani@icr.ac.uk Dr Kien T. MAI Laboratory Medicine, Room 113 1053 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9 CANADA Tel. +1 613 761 43 44 Fax. +1613 761 48 46 ktmai@ottawahospital.an.ca Dr Philippe MORICE Département de Chirurgie Institut Gustave Roussy 39 rue Camille Desmoulins 94805 Villejuif FRANCE Tel. +33 1 42 11 54 41 Fax. +33 1 42 11 52 13 morice@igr.fr Dr Bernt B. NIELSEN Institute of Pathology Randers Hospital Skovlyvej 1 8900 Randers DENMARK Tel. +45 8910 2351 Fax. +45 8642 7602 bbn@rc.aaa.dk Dr Janez LAMOVEC Department of Pathology Institute of Oncology Zaloska 2 1105 Ljubljana SLOVENIA Tel. +386 1 4322 099 Fax. +386 1 4314 180 jlamovec@onko-i.si Dr W. Glenn McCLUGGAGE** Department of Pathology Royal Group of Hospitals Trust Grosvenor Road Belfast BT12 6BL UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 28 9063 2563 Fax. +44 28 9023 3643 glenn.mccluggage@bll.n-i.nhs.uk Dr Hans MORREAU Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Centre PO Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +33 71 52 66 625 Fax. +33 71 52 48 158 j.morreau@lumc.nl Dr Francisco F. NOGALES** Department of Pathology Granada University Faculty of Medicine Avenida de Madrid, 11 18071 Granada SPAIN Tel. +34 9 58 243 508 Fax. +34 9 58 243 510 fnogales@ugr.es Dr Salvatore LANZAFAME Anatomia Patologica Policlinoco Università di Catania Via S. Sofia, 87 95123 Catania ITALY Tel. +39 095 310 241? Fax. +39 095 256022 lanzafas@unict.it Dr Hanne MEIJERS-HEIJBOER Department of Clinical Genetics Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam Westzeedijk 112 3016 AH Rotterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 10 4636919 Fax. +31 10 4367133 h.meijers@erasmusmc.nl Dr Kiyoshi MUKAI First Department of Pathology Tokyo Medical University Shinjuku 6-1-1, Shinjuku-ku 160-8402 Tokyo JAPAN Tel. +81 3 3351 6141 Fax. +81 3 3352 6335 kmukai@tokyo-med.ac.jp Dr Hiroko OHGAKI* ** Unit of Molecular Pathology International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 85 34 Fax. +33 4 72 73 85 64 ohgaki@iarc.fr Dr Sigurd LAX** Department of Pathology General Hospital Graz West Goestinger Strasse 22 8020 Graz AUSTRIA Tel. +43 316 5466 4650 Fax. +43 316 5466 74652 sigurd.lax@uni-graz.at Dr Rosemary R. MILLIS* Hedley Atkins / Cancer Research UK Breast Pathology Laboratory Guy’s Hospital London SE1 9RT UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 207 955 4539 Fax. +44 207 955 8746 rosemary@millisr.fsnet.co.uk Dr Mary MURNAGHAN Royal Jubilee Maternity Hospital Royal Hospitals Trust Grosvenor Road Belfast BT12 6AA UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 28 90 632150 Fax. +44 28 90 235256 mmurnaghan@lineone.net Dr Magali OLIVIER Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 86 69 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 22 molivier@iarc.fr Dr Kenneth R. LEE Department of Pathology Brigham and Women’s Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 278 0736 Fax. +1 617 739 6192 krlee@partners.org Dr Farid MOINFAR* Department of Pathology University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz 25 8036 Graz AUSTRIA Tel. +43 316 380 4453 Fax. +43 316 385 3432 farid.moinfar@uni-graz.at Dr George L. MUTTER** Department of Pathology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 732 6096 Fax. +1 617 738 6996 gmutter@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Dr Andrew G. ÖSTÖR** (Deceased) Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology The University of Melbourne 48 Anderson Rd 3123 Hawthorn East, Vic. AUSTRALIA Tel. +61 3 9822 1145 Fax. +61 3 9882 0933 Dr Fabio LEVI Unité d’Epidémiologie du Cancer Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, CHUV-Falaises 1 1011 Lausanne SWITZERLAND Tel. +41 213 147 311 Fax. +41 213 230 303 fabio.levi@hospvd.ch Dr Samuel C. MOK Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 278 0196 Fax. +1 617 975 0818 scmok@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Dr Steven NAROD The Center for Research in Women’s Health, University of Toronto 790 Bay Street, 7th floor Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8 CANADA Tel. +1 416 351 37 32 Fax. +1 416 351 37 67 steven.narod@swchsc.on.ca Dr Jorma PAAVONEN Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki Haartmaninkatu 2 00290 Helsinki FINLAND Tel. +358 9 4717 2807 Fax. +358 9 4717 4902 jorma.paavonen@helsinki.fi Dr Gaëtan MacGROGAN* Département de Pathologie Institut Bergonié 229, Cours de l’Argonne 33076 Bordeaux cedex FRANCE Tel. +33 5 56 33 33 23 Fax. +33 5 56 33 0438 macgrogan@bergonie.org Dr Alvaro N. MONTEIRO Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Medical College, Cornell University 1300 York Avenue New York, NY 10021 U.S.A Tel. +1 212 734 0567 / ext 225 Fax. +1 212 472 9471 monteia@rockefeller.edu Dr Jahn M. NESLAND** Department of Pathology, University Clinic The Norwegian Radium Hospital Montebello 0310 Oslo NORWAY Tel. +47 22 93 5620 Fax. +47 22 730 164 j.m.nesland@labmed.uio.no Dr Paivi PELTOMAKI Biomedicum Helsinki Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki Haartmaninkatu 8, P. O. Box 63 00014 Helsinki FINLAND Tel. +358 9 19125092 Fax. +358 9 19125105 paivi.peltomaki@helsinki.fi Contributors 367
Dr Johannes L. PETERSE* Department of Pathology Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CXAmsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 20 512 27 50 Fax +31 20 512 2759 j.peterse@nki.nl Dr Juan ROSAI* Department of Pathology National Cancer Institute Via Venezian 1 20133 Milan ITALY Tel. +39 02 2390 2876 Fax. +39 02 2390 2877 juan.rosai@istitutotumori.mi.it Dr Stuart J. SCHNITT* Department of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 667 43 44 Fax. +1 617 975 56 20 sschnitt@bidmc.harvard.edu Dr Leslie H. SOBIN* ** Department of Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Pathology Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Washington, DC 20306 U.S.A. Tel. +1 202 782 2880 Fax. +1 202 782 9020 sobin@afip.osd.mil Dr Jurgen J.M. PIEK Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology VU University Medical Center P.O. Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 20 444 2828 Fax. +31 20 444 4811 jurgen.piek@vumc.nl Dr Lawrence M. ROTH Department of Pathology Indiana University School of Medicine 550 North University Blvd., Room 3465 Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5280 U.S.A. Tel. +1 317 274 5784 Fax. +1 317 274 5346 lroth@iupui.edu Dr John O. SCHORGE Gynecologic Oncology Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Room J7.124 Dallas TX 75390-9032 U.S.A Tel. +1 214 648 3026 Fax. +1 214 648 8404 j o h n . s c h o r g e @ u t s o u t h w e s t e r n . e d u Ms Nayanta SODHA MSc Cancer Genetics Laboratory Institute of Cancer Research Cotswold Road Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 208 643 8901 Fax. +44 208 770 1489 nayanta@icr.ac.uk Dr Paola PISANI Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 85 22 Fax. +33 4 72 73 86 96 pisani@iarc.fr Dr Peter RUSSELL Department of Anatomical Pathology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown, NSW 2050 AUSTRALIA Tel. +61 4 1822 2567 Fax. +61 2 9515 8405 peter.russell@email.cs.nsw.gov.au Dr Peter E. SCHWARTZ** Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yale University School of Medicine 333 Cedar Street - FMB 316 New Haven, CT 06520-8063 U.S.A Tel. +1 203 785 4014 Fax. +1 203 785 4135 peter.schwartz@yale.edu Dr Mike R. STRATTON Cancer Genome Project The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 1223 494757 Fax. +44 1223 494969 mrs@sanger.ac.uk Dr Steven PIVER Department of Gynecology and Oncology Sisters of Charity Hospital 2157 Main Street New York, NY 14214 U.S.A. Tel. +1 716-862 1000 Fax. +1 716-862 1899 mpiver@wnychs.org Dr Joanne K.L. RUTGERS Department of Pathology Long Beach Memorial Medical Center 2801 Atlantic Ave. Long Beach, CA 90801-1428 U.S.A Tel. +1 562 933 0726 Fax. +1 562 933 0719 jrutgers@memorialcare.org Dr Robert E. SCULLY** Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit Street, Warren 242 Boston, MA 02114-2696 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 724 14 59 Fax. +1 617 726 59 15 emelchionno@partners.org Dr Csilla SZABO Unit of Genetic Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 86 58 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 42 szabo@iarc.fr Dr Jaime PRAT** Department of Pathology Hospital de la Sta Creu i Sant Pau Autonomous University of Barcelona 08025 Barcelona SPAIN Tel. +34 93 291 90 23 Fax. +34 93 291 93 44 jprat@hsp.santpau.es Dr Rengaswamy SANKARANARAYANAN Unit of Descriptive Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 85 99 Fax. +33 4 72 73 85 18 sankar@iarc.fr Dr Hideto SENZAKI Department of Pathology Kansai Medical University 10-15 Fumizonocho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506 JAPAN Tel. +81-6-6993-9432 Fax. +81-6-6992-5023 senzaki@takii.kmu.ac.jp Dr László TABÁR Mammography Department Central Hospital 79182 Falun SWEDEN Tel. +46 23 49 2507 Fax. +46 23 49 0592 laszlo@mammographic.org Dr Klaus PRECHTEL* Pathologie Starnberg Höhenweg 18a 82229 Seefeld GERMANY Tel. +49 8152 7740 Fax. +49 8152 7740 k.prechtel@t-online.de Dr Anna SAPINO Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oncology, University of Torino Via Santena 7 10126 Torino ITALY Tel. +39-011-6706510 Fax. +390116635267 anna.sapino@unito.it Dr Elvio G. SILVA Dept. of Pathology M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Houston TX 77030 U.S.A Tel. +1 713 792 31 54 Fax. +1 713 792 55 29 esilva@mdanderson.org Dr Aleksander TALERMAN Department of Pathology Thomas Jefferson University 132 South 10th Street Room 285Q / Main Building Philadelphia, PA 19107-5244 U.S.A Tel. +1 215 955 2433 Fax. +1 215 923 1969 Dr Dieter PRECHTEL Gemeinschaftspraxis Pathologie Am Fuchsengraben 3 82319 Starnberg GERMANY Tel. +49 8151/3612-0 Fax. +49 8151/78420 d.prechel@pathologie-starnberg.de Dr Annie J. SASCO* Unit of Epidemiology for Cancer Prevention International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 84 12 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 42 sasco@iarc.fr Dr Steven G. SILVERBERG** Department of Pathology University of Maryland Medical System 22 South Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 U.S.A Tel. +1 410 328 50 72 Fax. +1 410 328 00 81 sboes001@umaryland.edu Dr Colette TARANGER-CHARPIN Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Hôpital Nord Boulevard Dramard 13916 Marseille FRANCE Tel. +33 4 91 69 88 64 Fax. +33 4 91 69 89 53 colette.charpin@ap-hm.fr Dr Usha RAJU Department of Pathology Henry Ford Hospital 2799 WG Blvd Detroit MI 48202 U.S.A Tel. +1 313 916 1917 Fax. +1 313 916 9113 uraju1@hfhs.org Dr Xavier SASTRE-GARAU* Service de Pathologie Institut Curie 26 rue d’Ulm 75248 Paris FRANCE Tel. +33 1 44 32 42 54 / 50 Fax. +33 1 44 32 40 72 xavier.sastre@curie.net Dr Jorge SOARES Departamento de Patologia Morfológica Instituto Português de Oncologia Rua Professor Lima Basto 1099-023 Lisboa PORTUGAL Tel. +351 21 7229825 Fax. +351 21 7229825 jsoares.anpat@fcm.unl.pt Dr Fattaneh A. TAVASSOLI* ** Department of Pathology Yale University School of Medicine 310 Cedar Street, Room # LH 222 New Haven, CT 06520 U.S.A Tel. +1 203 785 5439 Fax. +1 203 785 7146 fattaneh.tavassoli@yale.edu 368 Contributors
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Previous volumes in this series Kle
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World Health Organization Classific
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Published by IARC Press, Internatio
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CHAPTER 1 Tumours of the Breast Can
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TNM classification of carcinomas of
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Invasive breast carcinoma I.O. Elli
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Rapid growth and greater adult heig
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tives, administrative and clerical
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Grade 1 - well differentiated: 3-5
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ent and this is occasionally extens
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Most melanotic tumours of the breas
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A Fig. 1.22 A Classic invasive lobu
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yet others at 90% {97,2147}. For pr
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Fig. 1.27 Medullary carcinoma. The
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myoepithelial cells in fibro a d e
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A Fig. 1.33 Neuroendocrine carcinom
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Macroscopy Fisher et al. reported t
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Fig. 1.39 Apocrine carcinoma. Note
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cells contain intracytoplasmic lume
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A Fig. 1.50 Carcinosarcoma. A Two a
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A B C Fig. 1.75 Lobular neoplasia.
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Intraductal proliferative lesions F
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A B absence of either microcalcific
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Fig. 1.83 Atypical ductal hyperplas
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A B Fig. 1.88 Large excision biopsy
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unusual variants as well. Using thi
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esemble those identified in invasiv
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A B Fig. 1.97 Microinvasive carcino
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A Papilloma may be subject to morph
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A B C Fig. 1.103 Papillary intraduc
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colour measuring from 0.5 to 12 cm.
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Immunoprofile The cases studied by
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Glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma
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Differential diagnosis There may be
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quality metaphase spreads from an i
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Fig. 1.67 Lobular carcinoma of brea
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detectable distant metastasis displ
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detected at a late stage as small t
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Extent of ductal carcinoma in situ
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Benign epithelial proliferations G.
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Fig. 1.112 Microglandular adenosis.
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A Apocrine adenoma ICD-O code 8401/
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A B Fig. 1.128 Adenomyoepithelioma,
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Mesenchymal tumours M. Drijkoningen
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1113,1275}. There is a complex patt
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A B Fig. 1.137 A Lipoma. Intraparen
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Fig. 1.141 Angiosarcoma after breas
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A Fig. 1.144 Mammary osteosarcoma.
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Fibroepithelial tumours J.P. Belloc
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aged women (average age of presenta
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lished data suggests a 21% rate of
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A Fig. 1.157 Syringomatous adenoma
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Malignant lymphoma and metastatic t
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used. Inflammatory conditions in th
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male population both in the USA and
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CHAPTER 2 Tumours of the Ovary and
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Polyembryoma 9072/3 Non-gestational
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Surface epithelial-stromal tumours
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A Fig. 2.04 A Serous borderline tum
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A Fig. 2.06 Serous borderline tumou
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A Fig. 2.10 Invasive peritoneal imp
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Fig. 2.15 Mucinous carcinoma with i
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Fig. 2.20 Mucinous endocervical-lik
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A Fig. 2.28 Mucinous cystic tumour
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early secretory endometrium {2605}.
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IV, 6% {2233}. Patients with grade
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A Fig. 2.37 A This polypoid intracy
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Fig. 2.40 Endometrioid cyst with at
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1 tumours are extremely rare. Almos
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Fig. 2.50 Borderline Brenner tumour
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express thrombomodulin and have bee
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serous and transitional cell carcin
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is yellow to tan with a variable ad
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Genetic susceptibility JGCTs may pr
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Clinical features F i b romas may b
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distinguishes this tumour from the
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A Fig. 2.77 A Retiform Sertoli-Leyd
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Mean ages of 21 and 38 years and me
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Tumours unassociated with PJS form
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mal origin without crystals of Rein
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Germ cell tumours F. Nogales A. Tal
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cases, anisokaryosis has no prognos
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ation may coexist in the same neopl
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Table 2.06 Grading of ovarian immat
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A B Fig. 2.102 A Mature cystic tera
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Diagnostic procedures Elevated urin
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associated with mature teratomas sh
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atives intimately admixed. The germ
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Fig. 2.113 Mixed germ cell-sex cord
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A Fig. 2.116 A Adenomatous hyperpla
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Fig. 2.117 Small cell carcinoma, hy
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Clinical features Adenoid cystic-li
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Histopathology This epithelial tumo
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sis. Corpus luteum of pregnancy has
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Lymphomas and leukaemias L.M. Roth
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Secondary tumours of the ovary J. P
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Occasionally, the colonic adenocarc
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Peritoneal tumours S.C. Mok J.O. Sc
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A B Fig. 2.140 Cystic adenomatoid m
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whelmingly poor {1038,1547,2310}. H
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CHAPTER 3 Tumours of the Fallopian
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TNM and FIGO classification of carc
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Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Endomet
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Two examples of adenofibroma of bor
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A Fig. 3.11 Adenomatoid tumour. A T
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Clinical features Patients range in
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Fig. 3.16 Uterus-like mass. The cys
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CHAPTER 4 Tumours of the Uterine Co
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TNM and FIGO classification of non-
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Epithelial tumours and related lesi
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma fro m a
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fers from the prototypical type I e
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the ovary and bladder. Unlike prima
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schema {1535,2602}. Although this c
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Table 4.03 Altered gene function in
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Mesenchymal tumours and related les
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areas are limited to less than 30%
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A B C Fig. 4.30 Leiomyosarcoma. A T
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e used sparingly and is reserved fo
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A B Fig. 4.38 Leiomyoma with perino
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cytological atypia, tumour cell nec
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Prognosis and predictive factors Th
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tumours may superficially invade th
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A Fig. 4.46 A Gestational choriocar
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A Fig. 4.49 A Classic complete hyda
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Sex cord-like, neuroectodermal and
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Secondary tumours of the uterine co
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WHO histological classification of
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Epithelial tumours M. Wells J.M. Ne
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Fig. 5.04 Mechanisms of human papil
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Fig. 5.08 Keratinizing squamous cel
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in their Asian population {2957}. I
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have a strong association with high
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e red by squamous epithelium {380}.
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the
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metrial epithelium. In some cases t
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with distinct cell borders and a gr
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Mesenchymal tumours M.L. Carcangiu
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{781}, liposarcoma {2840,3016}, ost
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Fig. 5.44 Wilms tumour. The tumour
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A Fig. 5.47 Implant of endometrial
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CHAPTER 6 Tumours of the Vagina Alt
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Epithelial tumours E.S. Andersen A.
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Aetiology The fact that both VAIN a
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Fig. 6.10 Fibroepithelial polyp.A m
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er of mitoses varies but is usually
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ICD-O codes Adenosquamous carcinoma
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A C Fig. 6.17 Sarcoma botryoides. A
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1-11 cm. They may arise anywhere in
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elsewhere in the female genital tra
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A Fig. 6.24 Yolk sac tumour. A The
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g rowing in sheets. Some may have s
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WHO histological classification of
Page 314 and 315: Epithelial tumours E.J. Wilkinson M
Page 316 and 317: even with additional sectioning, it
Page 318 and 319: type) is a highly diff e rentiated
Page 320 and 321: Clinical features Bartholin gland c
Page 322 and 323: glandular elements surrounded by fi
Page 324 and 325: Mesenchymal tumours R.L. Kempson M.
Page 326 and 327: Table 7.03 Differential diagnosis o
Page 328 and 329: Prognosis and predictive factors A
Page 330 and 331: Table 7.04 Clark levels of cutaneou
Page 332 and 333: A Fig. 7.23 Vulvar peripheral primi
Page 334 and 335: Familial aggregation of cancers of
Page 336 and 337: BRCA1 syndrome Definition Inherited
Page 338 and 339: dispose individuals to the developm
Page 340 and 341: Fig. 8.05 To assess whether wild-ty
Page 342 and 343: Fig. 8.07 Factors that modify risk
Page 344 and 345: BRCA2 syndrome R. Eeles S. Piver S.
Page 346 and 347: tubal or ovarian carcinomas. Howeve
Page 348 and 349: in typical nuclear foci that may re
Page 350 and 351: Breast tumours Frequency Breast can
Page 352 and 353: Fig. 8.14 Codon distribution of som
Page 354 and 355: Breast tumours Age distribution and
Page 356 and 357: Hereditary non-polyposis colon canc
Page 358 and 359: essary in the evaluation of the pat
Page 360 and 361: Age distribution and penetrance Mos
Page 362 and 363: Contributors Dr Vera M. ABELER** De
Page 366 and 367: Dr Manuel TEIXEIRA Department of Ge
Page 368 and 369: 02.100 Dr. A. Ostor 02.101 Dr. F.A.
Page 370 and 371: 52. Akhtar M, Robinson C, Ashraf Al
Page 372 and 373: 180. Bapat K, Brustein S (1989). Ut
Page 374 and 375: 307. Bolis GB, Maccio T (2000). Cle
Page 376 and 377: 436. Chang J, Sharpe JC, A'Hern RP,
Page 378 and 379: 562. Costa MJ, Ames PF, Walls J, Ro
Page 380 and 381: 689. Di Domenico A, Stangl F, Benni
Page 382 and 383: 820. Falck J, Petrini JH, Williams
Page 384 and 385: 943. Gad A, Azzopardi JG (1975). Lo
Page 386 and 387: 1067. Grimes MM (1992). Cystosarcom
Page 388 and 389: 1197. Herod JJ, Shafi MI, Rollason
Page 390 and 391: 1323. Jacques SM, Qureshi F, Ramire
Page 392 and 393: 1449. Khalifa MA, Mannel RS, Harawa
Page 394 and 395: 1564. Lagios MD (1977). Multicentri
Page 396 and 397: 1687. Loman N, Johannsson O, Kristo
Page 398 and 399: 1807. McCluggage G, McBride H, Maxw
Page 400 and 401: 1937. Mukai M, Torikata C, Iri H (1
Page 402 and 403: 2056. Norris HJ, Taylor HB (1967).
Page 404 and 405: 2180. Park JS, Jones RW, McLean MR,
Page 406 and 407: 2304. Puls LE, Hamous J, Morrow MS,
Page 408 and 409: 2 4 3 4 . Rosen PP, Groshen S, Saig
Page 410 and 411: 2559. Schlesinger C, Silverberg SG
Page 412 and 413: 2686. Silverberg SG (1999). Protoco
Page 414 and 415:
2806. Stutz JA, Evans AJ, Pinder S,
Page 416 and 417:
2942. Tornos C, Silva EG, Ordonez N
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3061. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ (1990).
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3189. Yoshioka T, Tanaka T (2000).
Page 422 and 423:
References 425
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Biphasic teratomas, 168 BLM, 341, 3
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G GADD45, 343, 353 GCDFP-15, 25, 33
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MPNST, see Malignant peripheral ner
Page 430:
Small cell / oat cell carcinoma, 32
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