Invasive breast carcinoma - IARC

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Contributors Dr Vera M. ABELER** Department of Pathology The Norwegian Radium Hospital Montebello 0310 Oslo NORWAY Tel. +47 22 93 40 00 Fax. +47 22 93 54 26 v.m.abeler@labmed.uio.no Dr Christine BERGERON** Laboratoire Pasteur-Cerba 95066 Cergy Pontoise Cedex 9 FRANCE Tel. +33 1 34 40 21 17 Fax. +33 1 34 40 20 29 bergeron@pasteur-cerba.com Dr Rosmarie CADUFF Department of Pathology University Hospital USZ Schmelzbergstr. 12 8091 Zürich SWITZERLAND Tel. +41 1 255 25 05 Fax. +41 1 255 44 16 rosmarie.caduff@pty.usz.ch Dr Bruno CUTULI Département de Radiothérapie Polyclinique de Courlancy 38 rue de Courlancy 51100 Reims FRANCE Tel. +33 3 26 84 02 84 Fax. +33 3 26 84 70 20 b.cutuli@wanadoo.fr Dr Jorge ALBORES-SAAVEDRA Department of Pathology LSU Health Sciences Center 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71130 U.S.A Tel. +1 318 675 7732 Fax. +1 318 675 7662 jalbor@lsuhsc.edu Dr Ross S. BERKOWITZ Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St. Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 732 8843 Fax. +1 617 738 5124 rberkowitz@partners.org Dr Maria-Luisa CARCANGIU Department of Pathology National Cancer Institute Via G. Venezian 1 20133 Milano ITALY Tel. +39 02 239 02264 Fax. +39 02 239 02756 carcangiu@istitutotumori.mi.it Dr Peter DEVILEE* Departments of Human and Clinical Genetics and Pathology Leiden University Medical Center 2333 AL Leiden THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 71 527 6117 Fax. +31 71 527 6075 p.devilee@lumc.nl Dr Isabel ALVARADO-CABRERO Vicente Suárez 42-201 Colonia Condesa CP 06140 MEXICO, DF Tel. +52-56-27-69-00 Fax. +52 55-74-23-22 isa98@prodigy.net.mx Dr Erik Søgaard ANDERSEN Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aalborg Hospital Hobrovej DK-9000 Aalborg DENMARK Tel. +45 9932 1218 Fax. +45 9932 1240 u19040@aas.nja.dk Dr Alan ASHWORTH The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre The Institute of Cancer Research 237 Fulham Road London SW3 6JB UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 207 153 5333 Fax. +44 207 153 5340 alan.ashworth@icr.ac.uk Dr Jean-Pierre BELLOCQ* Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Avenue Molière 67098 Strasbourg FRANCE Tel. +33 3 88 12 70 53 Fax. +33 3 88 12 70 52 j e a n - p i e r r e . b e l l o c q @ c h r u - s t r a s b o u r g . f r Dr Werner BÖCKER* Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology University of Münster Domagkstrasse 17 D-48129 Münster GERMANY Tel. +49 251 835 54 40/1 Fax. +49 251 835 54 60 werner.boecker@uni-muenster.de Dr Anne-Lise BØRRESEN-DALE Department of Genetics Institute for Cancer Research The Norwegian Radium Hospital 0310 Oslo NORWAY Tel. +47 22 93 44 19 Fax. +47 22 93 44 40 alb@radium.uio.no Dr Annegien BROEKS Department of Molecular Pathology Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 20 5122754 Fax. +31 20 5122759 a.broeks@nki.nl Dr C. Hilary BUCKLEY Department of Gynecologic Pathology St Mary’s Hospital Manchester M13 0JH UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 161 445 7132 Fax. +44 161 276 6348 chb@chbpath.fsnet.co.uk Dr Silvestro CARINELLI Department of Pathology Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento Via della Commenda 12 20122 Milano ITALY Tel. +39 02 5799 2415 Fax. +39 02 5799 2860 silvestro.carinelli@icp.mi.it Dr Annie N. CHEUNG Department of Pathology Queen Mary Hospital The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong CHINA Tel. +852 2855 4876 Fax. +852 2872 5197 anycheun@hkucc.hku.hk Dr Anne-Marie CLETON-JANSEN Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Centre P.O. Box 9600, L1-Q 2300 RC Leiden THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 71 5266515 Fax. +31 71 5248158 a.m.cleton-jansen@lumc.nl Dr Cees J. CORNELISSE Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Albinusdreef 2 P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 71 526 6624 Fax. +31 71 524 8158 c.j.cornelisse@lumc.nl Dr Mojgan DEVOUASSOUX-SHISHEBORAN** Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Hôpital de la Croix Rousse 103, Grande rue de la Croix Rousse 69317 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 07 18 78 Fax. +33 4 72 07 18 79 devouass@lsgrisn1.univ-lyon1.fr Dr Manfred DIETEL** Institute of Pathology Charité University Hospital Schumanstrasse 20/21 10117 Berlin GERMANY Tel. +49 30 4505 36001 Fax. +49 30 4505 36900 manfred.dietel@charite.de Dr Stephen DOBBS Department of Gynaecological Oncology Belfast City Hospital Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7AB UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 28 90 26 38 94 Fax. +44 28 90 26 39 53 stephen.dobbs@bch.n-i.nhs.uk Dr Maria DRIJKONINGEN* Department of Pathology University Hospital St. Rafael Catholic University Leuven 3000 Leuven BELGIUM Tel. +32 16 33 66 41 Fax. +3216336548 ria.drijkoningen@uz.kuleuven.ac.be * One asterisk indicates participation in the Editorial and Consensus Conference on the WHO classification of Tumours of the Breast during January 12-16 in Lyon, France. **Two asterisks indicate participation in the conference on the WHO classification of Tumours of Female Genital Organs during March 16-20, 2002. Dr Gianni BUSSOLATI* Istituto di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica University of Turin Via Santena 7 10126 Torino ITALY Tel. +39 011 670 65 05 Fax. +39 011 663 52 67 gianni.bussolati@unito.it Dr Christopher P. CRUM Department of Pathology Brigham and Women’s Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 732 75 30 Fax. +1 617 264 51 25 ccrum@partners.org Dr Douglas EASTON Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge CB1 8RN UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 122 374 0160 Fax. +44 122 374 0159 douglas@srl.cam.ac.uk Contributors 365
Dr Rosalind EELES Translational Cancer Genetics Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 208 661 3642 Fax. +44 208 770 1489 rosalind.eeles@icr.ac.uk Dr Shingo FUJII Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507 JAPAN Tel. +81 75 751 3267 Fax. +81 75 751 3247 sfu@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp Dr Urs HALLER Departement of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital Frauenklinikstr. 10 8091 Zürich SWITZERLAND Tel. +41 1 255 5200 Fax. +41 1 255 4433 urs.haller@usz.ch Dr Rudolf KAAKS* Hormones and Cancer Group International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 85 53 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 61 kaaks@iarc.fr Dr Ian O. ELLIS* Department of Histopathology University of Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road Nottingham NG5 1PB UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 115 969 11 69 Ext. 46875 Fax. +44 115 962 77 68 Ian.ellis@nottingham.ac.uk Dr David R. GENEST** Dept. of Pathology Brigham and Women’s Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 732 7542 Fax. +1 617 630 1145 dgenest@partners.org Dr Antonius G.J.M. HANSELAAR** Office of the Managing Director Dutch Cancer Society P.O. Box 75508 1070 AM Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 20 57 00 510 Fax. +31 20 67 50 302 directie@kankerbestrijding.nl Dr Apollon I. KARSELADZE** Division of Human Tumour Pathology Russian Oncological Center Kashirskoye shosse, 24 115 478 Moscow RUSSIA Tel. +7 095 324 96 44 Fax. +7 095 323 57 10 karsela@aha.ru Dr Charis ENG Division of Human Genetics Department of Internal Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 U.S.A. Tel. +1 614 292 2347 Fax. +1 614 688 3582 eng.25@osu.edu Dr Deborah J. GERSELL Department of Pathology St. John’s Mercy Medical Center 615 South New Ballas Road St Louis, MO 63141 U.S.A Tel. +1 314 569 6120 Fax. +1 314 995 4414 gersdj@stlo.smhs.com Dr Steffen HAUPTMANN Institute of Pathology Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Magdeburger Str. 14 06112 Halle (Saale) GERMANY Tel. +49-345-557-1880 Fax. +49-345-557-1295 steffen.hauptmann@medizin.uni-halle.de Dr Richard L. KEMPSON** Department of Pathology Stanford University Medical Center 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L235 Stanford, CA 94305-5324 U.S.A Tel. + 1 650 498 6460 Fax. +1 650 725 6902 rkempson@stanford.edu Dr Vincenzo EUSEBI* M. Malphighi Department of Pathology Ospedale Bellaria, University of Bologna Via Altura 3 40139 Bologna ITALY Tel. +39 051 622 57 50/55 23 Fax. +39 051 622 57 59 vincenzo.eusebi@ausl.bologna.it Dr Blake GILKS Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver V5M 1Z9 CANADA Tel. +1 604 875 5555 Fax. +1 604 875 4797 bgilks@vanhosp.bc.ca Dr Michael R. HENDRICKSON** Lab. of Surgical Pathology, H 2110 Stanford University Medical Center 300 Pasteur Drive Stanford CA 94305-5243 U.S.A Tel. +1 650 498 64 60 Fax. +1 650 725 69 02 michael.hendrickson@stanford.edu Dr Takako KIYOKAWA Department of Pathology Jikei University School of Medecine 3-25-8-Nishishinbashi Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8461 JAPAN Tel. +81 3 3433 1111 ex5372 Fax. +81 3 5470 9380 takakok@jikei.ac.jp Dr Mathias FEHR Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital Frauenklinikstr. 10 8091 Zürich SWITZERLAND Tel. +41 1 255 57 07 Fax. +41 1 255 44 33 matias.fehr@usz.ch Dr David E. GOLDGAR Unit of Genetic Epidemiology International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 7273 83 18 Fax. +33 4 7273 83 42 goldgar@iarc.fr Dr Sylvia H. HEYWANG-KöBRUNNER Center for Breast Diagnosis and Intervention Technical University Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 Munich GERMANY Tel. +49 89 4140-0 Fax. +49-89-4140-4831 Dr Paul KLEIHUES* ** International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 150, cours Albert Thomas 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 81 77 Fax. +33 4 72 73 85 64 kleihues@iarc.fr Dr Rosemary A. FISHER Department of Cancer Medicine Imperial College London Charing Cross Campus London W6 8RF UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 20 8846 1413 Fax. +44 20 8748 5665 r.fisher@imperial.ac.uk Dr Annekathryn GOODMAN Gillette Center for Women’s Cancer Massachusetts General Hospital 100 Blossom St Boston, MA 02114 U.S.A Tel. +1 617 726 5997 Fax. +1 617 523 1247 agoodman@partners.org Dr Heinz HÖFLER* Institute of Pathology Technical University Munich Ismaninger Strasse 22 81675 Munich GERMANY Tel. +49 89 41 40 41 60 Fax. +49 89 41 40 48 65 hoefler@lrz.tu-muenchen.de Dr Ikuo KONISHI Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Shinshu University School of Medicine Asahi Matsumoto 390-8621 JAPAN Tel. +81 263 37 2716 Fax. +81 263 34 0944 konishi@hsp.md.shinshu-u.ac.jp Dr Riccardo FODDE Josephine Nefkens Institue Erasmus University Medical Center P.O. Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 10 408 78 96 Fax. +31 10 408 84 50 t.wechgelaar@erasmusmc.nl Dr Pierre HAINAUT Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 85 32 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 22 hainaut@iarc.fr Dr Roland HOLLAND* National Breast Cancer Screening Centre Nÿmegen University Hospital Geert Grooteplein 18, Postbus 9101 6500 HB Nÿmegen THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31 24 361 6706 Fax. +31 24 354 0527 r.holland@lrcb.umcn.nl Dr Rahel KUBIK-HUCH Institute of Radiology Cantonal Hospital 5404 Baden SWITZERLAND Tel. +41 56 486 38 03 Fax. +41 56 483 38 09 rahel.kubik@ksb.ch Dr Silvia FRANCESCHI Unit of Field and Intervention Studies International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 84 02 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 45 franceschi@iarc.fr Dr Janet HALL DNA Repair Group International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 69008 Lyon FRANCE Tel. +33 4 72 73 85 96 Fax. +33 4 72 73 83 22 hall@iarc.fr Dr Jocelyne JACQUEMIER Department of Pathology Institut Paoli Calmettes 232, Boulevard Sainte Marguerite 13009 Marseille FRANCE Tel. +33 4 91 22 34 57 Fax. +33 4 91 22 35 73 jacquemierj@marseille.fnclcc.fr Dr Robert J. KURMAN** Departements of Pathology and Gynecology & Obstetrics The Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, MD 21231-2410 U.S.A Tel. +1 410 955 0471/2804 Fax. +1 410 614 1287 rkurman@jhmi.edu 366 Contributors
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Previous volumes in this series Kle
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World Health Organization Classific
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Published by IARC Press, Internatio
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CHAPTER 1 Tumours of the Breast Can
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TNM classification of carcinomas of
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Invasive breast carcinoma I.O. Elli
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Rapid growth and greater adult heig
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tives, administrative and clerical
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Grade 1 - well differentiated: 3-5
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ent and this is occasionally extens
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Most melanotic tumours of the breas
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A Fig. 1.22 A Classic invasive lobu
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yet others at 90% {97,2147}. For pr
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Fig. 1.27 Medullary carcinoma. The
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myoepithelial cells in fibro a d e
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A Fig. 1.33 Neuroendocrine carcinom
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Macroscopy Fisher et al. reported t
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Fig. 1.39 Apocrine carcinoma. Note
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cells contain intracytoplasmic lume
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A Fig. 1.50 Carcinosarcoma. A Two a
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A B C Fig. 1.75 Lobular neoplasia.
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Intraductal proliferative lesions F
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A B absence of either microcalcific
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Fig. 1.83 Atypical ductal hyperplas
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A B Fig. 1.88 Large excision biopsy
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unusual variants as well. Using thi
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esemble those identified in invasiv
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A B Fig. 1.97 Microinvasive carcino
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A Papilloma may be subject to morph
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A B C Fig. 1.103 Papillary intraduc
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colour measuring from 0.5 to 12 cm.
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Immunoprofile The cases studied by
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Glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma
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Differential diagnosis There may be
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quality metaphase spreads from an i
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Fig. 1.67 Lobular carcinoma of brea
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detectable distant metastasis displ
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detected at a late stage as small t
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Extent of ductal carcinoma in situ
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Benign epithelial proliferations G.
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Fig. 1.112 Microglandular adenosis.
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A Apocrine adenoma ICD-O code 8401/
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A B Fig. 1.128 Adenomyoepithelioma,
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Mesenchymal tumours M. Drijkoningen
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1113,1275}. There is a complex patt
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A B Fig. 1.137 A Lipoma. Intraparen
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Fig. 1.141 Angiosarcoma after breas
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A Fig. 1.144 Mammary osteosarcoma.
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Fibroepithelial tumours J.P. Belloc
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aged women (average age of presenta
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lished data suggests a 21% rate of
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A Fig. 1.157 Syringomatous adenoma
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Malignant lymphoma and metastatic t
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used. Inflammatory conditions in th
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male population both in the USA and
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CHAPTER 2 Tumours of the Ovary and
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Polyembryoma 9072/3 Non-gestational
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Surface epithelial-stromal tumours
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A Fig. 2.04 A Serous borderline tum
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A Fig. 2.06 Serous borderline tumou
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A Fig. 2.10 Invasive peritoneal imp
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Fig. 2.15 Mucinous carcinoma with i
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Fig. 2.20 Mucinous endocervical-lik
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A Fig. 2.28 Mucinous cystic tumour
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early secretory endometrium {2605}.
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IV, 6% {2233}. Patients with grade
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A Fig. 2.37 A This polypoid intracy
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Fig. 2.40 Endometrioid cyst with at
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1 tumours are extremely rare. Almos
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Fig. 2.50 Borderline Brenner tumour
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express thrombomodulin and have bee
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serous and transitional cell carcin
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is yellow to tan with a variable ad
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Genetic susceptibility JGCTs may pr
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Clinical features F i b romas may b
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distinguishes this tumour from the
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A Fig. 2.77 A Retiform Sertoli-Leyd
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Mean ages of 21 and 38 years and me
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Tumours unassociated with PJS form
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mal origin without crystals of Rein
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Germ cell tumours F. Nogales A. Tal
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cases, anisokaryosis has no prognos
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ation may coexist in the same neopl
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Table 2.06 Grading of ovarian immat
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A B Fig. 2.102 A Mature cystic tera
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Diagnostic procedures Elevated urin
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associated with mature teratomas sh
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atives intimately admixed. The germ
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Fig. 2.113 Mixed germ cell-sex cord
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A Fig. 2.116 A Adenomatous hyperpla
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Fig. 2.117 Small cell carcinoma, hy
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Clinical features Adenoid cystic-li
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Histopathology This epithelial tumo
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sis. Corpus luteum of pregnancy has
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Lymphomas and leukaemias L.M. Roth
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Secondary tumours of the ovary J. P
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Occasionally, the colonic adenocarc
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Peritoneal tumours S.C. Mok J.O. Sc
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A B Fig. 2.140 Cystic adenomatoid m
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whelmingly poor {1038,1547,2310}. H
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CHAPTER 3 Tumours of the Fallopian
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TNM and FIGO classification of carc
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Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Endomet
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Two examples of adenofibroma of bor
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A Fig. 3.11 Adenomatoid tumour. A T
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Clinical features Patients range in
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Fig. 3.16 Uterus-like mass. The cys
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CHAPTER 4 Tumours of the Uterine Co
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TNM and FIGO classification of non-
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Epithelial tumours and related lesi
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma fro m a
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fers from the prototypical type I e
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the ovary and bladder. Unlike prima
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schema {1535,2602}. Although this c
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Table 4.03 Altered gene function in
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Mesenchymal tumours and related les
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areas are limited to less than 30%
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A B C Fig. 4.30 Leiomyosarcoma. A T
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e used sparingly and is reserved fo
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A B Fig. 4.38 Leiomyoma with perino
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cytological atypia, tumour cell nec
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Prognosis and predictive factors Th
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tumours may superficially invade th
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A Fig. 4.46 A Gestational choriocar
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A Fig. 4.49 A Classic complete hyda
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Sex cord-like, neuroectodermal and
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Secondary tumours of the uterine co
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WHO histological classification of
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Epithelial tumours M. Wells J.M. Ne
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Fig. 5.04 Mechanisms of human papil
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Fig. 5.08 Keratinizing squamous cel
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in their Asian population {2957}. I
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have a strong association with high
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e red by squamous epithelium {380}.
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the
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metrial epithelium. In some cases t
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with distinct cell borders and a gr
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Mesenchymal tumours M.L. Carcangiu
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{781}, liposarcoma {2840,3016}, ost
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Fig. 5.44 Wilms tumour. The tumour
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A Fig. 5.47 Implant of endometrial
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CHAPTER 6 Tumours of the Vagina Alt
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Epithelial tumours E.S. Andersen A.
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Aetiology The fact that both VAIN a
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Fig. 6.10 Fibroepithelial polyp.A m
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er of mitoses varies but is usually
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ICD-O codes Adenosquamous carcinoma
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A C Fig. 6.17 Sarcoma botryoides. A
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1-11 cm. They may arise anywhere in
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elsewhere in the female genital tra
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A Fig. 6.24 Yolk sac tumour. A The
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g rowing in sheets. Some may have s
Page 312 and 313: WHO histological classification of
Page 314 and 315: Epithelial tumours E.J. Wilkinson M
Page 316 and 317: even with additional sectioning, it
Page 318 and 319: type) is a highly diff e rentiated
Page 320 and 321: Clinical features Bartholin gland c
Page 322 and 323: glandular elements surrounded by fi
Page 324 and 325: Mesenchymal tumours R.L. Kempson M.
Page 326 and 327: Table 7.03 Differential diagnosis o
Page 328 and 329: Prognosis and predictive factors A
Page 330 and 331: Table 7.04 Clark levels of cutaneou
Page 332 and 333: A Fig. 7.23 Vulvar peripheral primi
Page 334 and 335: Familial aggregation of cancers of
Page 336 and 337: BRCA1 syndrome Definition Inherited
Page 338 and 339: dispose individuals to the developm
Page 340 and 341: Fig. 8.05 To assess whether wild-ty
Page 342 and 343: Fig. 8.07 Factors that modify risk
Page 344 and 345: BRCA2 syndrome R. Eeles S. Piver S.
Page 346 and 347: tubal or ovarian carcinomas. Howeve
Page 348 and 349: in typical nuclear foci that may re
Page 350 and 351: Breast tumours Frequency Breast can
Page 352 and 353: Fig. 8.14 Codon distribution of som
Page 354 and 355: Breast tumours Age distribution and
Page 356 and 357: Hereditary non-polyposis colon canc
Page 358 and 359: essary in the evaluation of the pat
Page 360 and 361: Age distribution and penetrance Mos
Page 364 and 365: Dr Carlo LA VECCHIA Laboratory of E
Page 366 and 367: Dr Manuel TEIXEIRA Department of Ge
Page 368 and 369: 02.100 Dr. A. Ostor 02.101 Dr. F.A.
Page 370 and 371: 52. Akhtar M, Robinson C, Ashraf Al
Page 372 and 373: 180. Bapat K, Brustein S (1989). Ut
Page 374 and 375: 307. Bolis GB, Maccio T (2000). Cle
Page 376 and 377: 436. Chang J, Sharpe JC, A'Hern RP,
Page 378 and 379: 562. Costa MJ, Ames PF, Walls J, Ro
Page 380 and 381: 689. Di Domenico A, Stangl F, Benni
Page 382 and 383: 820. Falck J, Petrini JH, Williams
Page 384 and 385: 943. Gad A, Azzopardi JG (1975). Lo
Page 386 and 387: 1067. Grimes MM (1992). Cystosarcom
Page 388 and 389: 1197. Herod JJ, Shafi MI, Rollason
Page 390 and 391: 1323. Jacques SM, Qureshi F, Ramire
Page 392 and 393: 1449. Khalifa MA, Mannel RS, Harawa
Page 394 and 395: 1564. Lagios MD (1977). Multicentri
Page 396 and 397: 1687. Loman N, Johannsson O, Kristo
Page 398 and 399: 1807. McCluggage G, McBride H, Maxw
Page 400 and 401: 1937. Mukai M, Torikata C, Iri H (1
Page 402 and 403: 2056. Norris HJ, Taylor HB (1967).
Page 404 and 405: 2180. Park JS, Jones RW, McLean MR,
Page 406 and 407: 2304. Puls LE, Hamous J, Morrow MS,
Page 408 and 409: 2 4 3 4 . Rosen PP, Groshen S, Saig
Page 410 and 411: 2559. Schlesinger C, Silverberg SG
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2686. Silverberg SG (1999). Protoco
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2806. Stutz JA, Evans AJ, Pinder S,
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2942. Tornos C, Silva EG, Ordonez N
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3061. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ (1990).
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3189. Yoshioka T, Tanaka T (2000).
Page 422 and 423:
References 425
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Biphasic teratomas, 168 BLM, 341, 3
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G GADD45, 343, 353 GCDFP-15, 25, 33
Page 428 and 429:
MPNST, see Malignant peripheral ner
Page 430:
Small cell / oat cell carcinoma, 32
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