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71st IUVSTA Workshop PHOIBOS 225 HV: High energy electron spectrometers with wide acceptance angle pre-lens Thorsten U. Kampen 1 *, Martin Johansson 2 and Sven Mähl 3 1,2,3 SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH Voltastr. 5, D-13355 Berlin, Germany *Thorsten.Kampen@specs.com The PHOIBOS 225 HV is a hemispherical electron analyzer with unsurpassed transmission, energy and angular resolution. The multi-element transfer lens is optimized for ultimate energy resolution up to highest kinetic energies and can be operated in several different modes for angular or spatially resolved studies. The modular power supply concept makes it suitable for every aspect of electron spectroscopy: from laser based ARPES measurements at low kinetic energies starting at virtually zero kinetic energy, to quantitative XPS and high energy photoemission spectroscopy at electron energies of up to 15 keV. An additional pre-lens extends the acceptance angle to up to +/- 30°. This increases the transmission of the analyzer and enables angular resolved XPS for non-destructive depth profiling without any sample rotation. Several detector options with high sensitivity and dynamic range are available: 2D-CCD detector with a Peltier cooled camera, 1D and 2D-delayline detectors, and combined 2D-CCD(DLD)/SPIN detectors. Especially the DLD detectors are ideally suited for data acquisition under extreme conditions as they occur in HAXPES experiments. Here, the DLD detectors with their improved sensitivity, lateral and time resolution allow the detection of spectroscopic features with a count rates 5 counts/second or less can be detected. 59
Nanostructure Characterisation by Electron Beam Techniques Electron beam induced changes in Auger electron spectra for Lithium ion battery materials M. Hoffmann, 1,2* S. Oswald, 1 and J. Eckert 1,2 1 IFW Dresden, PF 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany 2 <strong>TU</strong> Dresden, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, D-01062 Dresden, Germany *m.hoffmann@ifw-dresden.de The so called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) [1], a thin film on top of the electrodes of common lithium ion batteries has an important role for the lifetime and the performance of such cells. Due to its surface and chemical sensitivity the state of the art tool for investigations of this layer is the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Since the SEI can consist of several different organic and inorganic compounds with a size down to some nm [2], a technique with the same surface and almost the same chemical sensitivity but a high spatial resolution would be very desirable. In this work we try to apply Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to this field of lithium based materials. The different excitation by electrons in AES in contrast to X-rays in XPS leads to several problems for the detection of lithium compounds in the SEI. Most of the SEI components are not conductive, so the effects of charging are commonly the biggest ones. In addition the electron beam can cause a change and a damage of the sample surface [3]. In this work we performed a lot of reference experiments measuring pure lithium, lithium compounds and reaction products of lithium with common electrolyte ingredients, regarding their stability and their distinctness in AES analysis. References [1] P. B. Balbuena, Y. Wang, Lithium-Ion Batteries: Solid-Electrolyte Interphase, Imperial College Press (2004) [2] E. Peled, D. Golodnitsky, G. Ardel, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (1997), L208 [3] C. G. Pantano, T. E. Madey, Applied Surface Science 7 (1981), 115-141 Funding by “Pakt für Forschung und Innovation” is acknowledged 60
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