Thesis-PDF - IAP/TU Wien

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3.2.1 Static Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.2 Dynamic Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3 Analytical Microscopy Probing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.1 Single Atom and Molecule Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.3.2 Atomic Collection Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 AFM Manipulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.4.1 Rearrangement of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.4.2 Addition of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.4.3 Removal of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 Euglena gracilis 38 4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.1.2 Origin of the name "Euglena" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2 General characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.1 Euglenophyta (Euglenida) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.2 Diagnostic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2.3 Characteristics of Euglena gracilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2.4 Natural Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2.5 Lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.3 Euglena Subsystems and Technical Application . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3.1 Structural Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3.2 Motory System and Phototaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.3.3 Photoreceptive Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.3.4 Pellicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.3.5 Energy Storage and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3.6 Vacuole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4 Technical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5 Materials and Methods 65 5.1 Euglena gracilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1.1 Culturing cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1.2 Cell Parts Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2 Experimental Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 6
5.2.1 Optical Microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy . . . . . . 68 5.2.2 Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.2.3 AFM measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.3 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.3.1 Slide preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.3.2 Preparation for AFM imaging in air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.3.3 Preparation for AFM imaging under liquid . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.3.4 Experimental Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6 Results 77 6.1 Sample Preparation - Challenges and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.2 AFM data and cell features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7 Outlook 92 8 Acknowledgments 94 A Acronyms 95 Bibliography 96 Annex 1 105 7
Page 1 and 2: DIPLOMARBEIT Atomic Force Microscop
Page 3 and 4: »Later I have been asked many time
Page 5: Contents Abstract 4 1 Introduction
Page 9 and 10: theory (see e.g. [1]). Now I call o
Page 11 and 12: understand phenomena at a larger sc
Page 13 and 14: of whole dried Euglena cells in air
Page 15 and 16: these assembly functions for us. 2
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2: Rise in public spending
Page 19 and 20: The presented three types of nanote
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Self-Assembly and Emergent St
Page 23 and 24: After diligent investigation such s
Page 25 and 26: 1 µN) between a probe and the samp
Page 27 and 28: 3.2.1 Static Mode In Static Mode (a
Page 29 and 30: crystal and the cantilever tip (pha
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.6: Highly ordered and fres
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.8: Schematic drawing of th
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.11: The cantilever deflect
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.14: This force curve shows
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.1: A group of Euglena orga
Page 41 and 42: several species with rigid pellicle
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.2: The rightmost cell can
Page 45 and 46: cavity and is used for regulatory f
Page 47 and 48: as phobic reactions, because the ce
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.7: Scheme of the photorece
Page 51 and 52: Figure 4.9: Measured monoclinic uni
Page 53 and 54: Figure 4.11: Twice the same Euglena
Page 55 and 56: 4.15), their ends are termed the (-
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 4.15: Kinesin and dynein and
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 4.17: (Image reproduced from
Page 61 and 62:
into fully functional chloroplasts
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 4.19: How a microtubule-kine
Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 5 Materials and Methods The
Page 67 and 68:
Cell Treatment - Demembranation In
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 5.3: This image shows cells
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 5.4: The AFM setup at the In
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 5.6: If the user menu AFM_TU
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 5.7: Single steps of the sam
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 6 Results High resolution t
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 6.2: An embedded E. gracilis
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 6.5: Scanning under liquid s
Page 83 and 84:
Flagellum The flagellum of an E. gr
Page 85 and 86:
Pellicle The pellicle of E. gracili
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 6.11: The pellicle of an E.
Page 89 and 90:
Crystalline Cell Parts Crystalline
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 6.18: A layered structure th
Page 93 and 94:
It might also be possible that comb
Page 95 and 96:
Appendix A Acronyms SPM Scanning Pr
Page 97 and 98:
[13] A. Junk, F. Riess: From an ide
Page 99 and 100:
[45] J. Ruan, B. Bhushan: Atomic-sc
Page 101 and 102:
[70] M. Rief, M. Gautel, F. Oesterh
Page 103 and 104:
[97] P. Gualtieri, L. Barsanti: Alg
Page 105 and 106:
Annex 1 This Igor script was used i
Page 107 and 108:
w[i][j][laynr]=(w[i][j][3]-used_off
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