Thesis-PDF - IAP/TU Wien

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Abstract Nanotechnology as of today is still in its infancy. Although we learnt about twenty five years ago how to actually "see" individual atoms, the assembly and creation of nanoscale structures is still a difficult undertake. It is either slow if atoms must be manipulated one by one or the process can only be controlled to a limited degree (e.g. when bulk matter is treated in such a way that structures with features at the nanoscale are produced). One way to extend our nanotechnological knowledge is drawing inspirations from naturally occurring systems and processes. 3 Within the tiniest realms of nature we can already find robust concepts for marvelous miniaturization, the accommodation of a maximum of functional units within only small volume. Incessant evolutionary optimization provides the driving force behind efficiency, versatility, and often simple and elegant solutions - knowledge that can often be applied to the study, design and engineering of nanotechnological systems. Matter produced and assembled by even simple life forms is remarkable. Euglena gracilis, a single-celled algal species, performs tasks as diverse as sensing the environment and reacting to it, converting and storing energy and metabolizing nutrients, living as a plant or an animal depending on the environmental constraints. Cell functions are often based on materials produced with molecular precision. In this thesis, a method for Atomic Force Microscope investigation of the alga Euglena gracilis was developed and measurements under different scanning conditions were carried out. Data was obtained on whole cells as well as cell organelles. Some of the obtained morphological algal features were compared to existing literature data (mostly Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope images). The possibility of AFM force spectroscopy and viscoelastic analysis on the nanoscale concerning this biological system has been demonstrated. The outlook points at possible directions of future research, that extend the approach here presented. 3 A good example that those concepts can work in the engineering context, is the already highly successful field of bionics, where design principles from Nature are applied to artificial systems. Some found solutions have also had great commercial success (e.g. Velcro, airplane winglets or hydrophobic paint). 4
Contents Abstract 4 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Exciting Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 About this Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Nanotechnology 14 2.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 A Proposed Classification of Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.1 Dry Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.2 Wet Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.3 Computational Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Nanotechnological Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.1 Single Structure Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.2 Bulk Material Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 Selected Issues in Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.1 Self-Assembly and Emergent Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.2 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.3 Environmental Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.4 Information Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5 Natural Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 24 3.1 Introduction to Scanning Probe Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 Principles of AFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5
Page 1 and 2: DIPLOMARBEIT Atomic Force Microscop
Page 3: »Later I have been asked many time
Page 7 and 8: 5.2.1 Optical Microscopy and Fluore
Page 9 and 10: theory (see e.g. [1]). Now I call o
Page 11 and 12: understand phenomena at a larger sc
Page 13 and 14: of whole dried Euglena cells in air
Page 15 and 16: these assembly functions for us. 2
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2: Rise in public spending
Page 19 and 20: The presented three types of nanote
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Self-Assembly and Emergent St
Page 23 and 24: After diligent investigation such s
Page 25 and 26: 1 µN) between a probe and the samp
Page 27 and 28: 3.2.1 Static Mode In Static Mode (a
Page 29 and 30: crystal and the cantilever tip (pha
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.6: Highly ordered and fres
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.8: Schematic drawing of th
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.11: The cantilever deflect
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.14: This force curve shows
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.1: A group of Euglena orga
Page 41 and 42: several species with rigid pellicle
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.2: The rightmost cell can
Page 45 and 46: cavity and is used for regulatory f
Page 47 and 48: as phobic reactions, because the ce
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.7: Scheme of the photorece
Page 51 and 52: Figure 4.9: Measured monoclinic uni
Page 53 and 54: Figure 4.11: Twice the same Euglena
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4.15), their ends are termed the (-
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 4.15: Kinesin and dynein and
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Figure 4.17: (Image reproduced from
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into fully functional chloroplasts
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Figure 4.19: How a microtubule-kine
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Chapter 5 Materials and Methods The
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Cell Treatment - Demembranation In
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Figure 5.3: This image shows cells
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Figure 5.4: The AFM setup at the In
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Figure 5.6: If the user menu AFM_TU
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Figure 5.7: Single steps of the sam
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Chapter 6 Results High resolution t
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Figure 6.2: An embedded E. gracilis
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Figure 6.5: Scanning under liquid s
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Flagellum The flagellum of an E. gr
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Pellicle The pellicle of E. gracili
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Figure 6.11: The pellicle of an E.
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Crystalline Cell Parts Crystalline
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Figure 6.18: A layered structure th
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It might also be possible that comb
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Appendix A Acronyms SPM Scanning Pr
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[13] A. Junk, F. Riess: From an ide
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[45] J. Ruan, B. Bhushan: Atomic-sc
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[70] M. Rief, M. Gautel, F. Oesterh
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[97] P. Gualtieri, L. Barsanti: Alg
Page 105 and 106:
Annex 1 This Igor script was used i
Page 107 and 108:
w[i][j][laynr]=(w[i][j][3]-used_off
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