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Figure 3.13: The above force curve is a typical calibration force curve on glass. Once the cantilever tip has contact with the hard glass surface lowering the cantilever base further results in displacement of the tip relative to its normal position by the same amount (see also above Fig. 3.11). The red curve corresponds to the lowering of the cantilever, the blue to its retraction. Values on the abscissa correspond to the height of the cantilever base, ordinate values correspond to the calculated displacement of the cantilever tip (zero points are arbitrarily chosen). The combination of the information gathering methods from the previous section and the methods to manipulate things at the nanoscale represents a strong toolset for investigating and building small structures. Eventually, scientists will have a great collection of these tools to their disposal arranged in a large database combined with smart software, managing all this knowledge. One could imagine a Lego T M -like building kit for thorough investigation, simulation and creation of robust and versatile nano- and microstructures. A selection of important manipulation techniques follows. 3.4.1 Rearrangement of Matter - AFMs have been used for manipulation of individual atoms of Xenon(STM) , molecules ([71]), silicon surfaces ([72]), and polymer surfaces. - STMs have been used for formation of nanofeatures by localized heating or by inducing chemical reactions under the STM tip ([73], [74], [75]) and nanomachining. ([76]) - AFM Nanopatterning processes. 36
Figure 3.14: This force curve shows the effect of tip interaction with a sticky surface. Upon retraction (blue curve) the cantilever tip is hold back until the pull off force is great enough to break the remaining bonds between tip and surface. Steps in the curve (arrows) indicate individual unbinding events happening until full detachment. Figure 3.15: This force curve Biological soft material, force curve 3.4.2 Addition of Matter - Dip-Pen lithography. The cantilever tip is used to take up material (by contacting it or dipping into it) and deposit it at a given position. - Aggregation of surface particles into the area of interest. E.g. the pushing of nanoparticles of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 ([77]). 3.4.3 Removal of Matter - AFM has been used for nanofabrication ([78], [79], [80]) and nanomachining ([81]). 37
Page 1 and 2: DIPLOMARBEIT Atomic Force Microscop
Page 3 and 4: »Later I have been asked many time
Page 5 and 6: Contents Abstract 4 1 Introduction
Page 7 and 8: 5.2.1 Optical Microscopy and Fluore
Page 9 and 10: theory (see e.g. [1]). Now I call o
Page 11 and 12: understand phenomena at a larger sc
Page 13 and 14: of whole dried Euglena cells in air
Page 15 and 16: these assembly functions for us. 2
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2: Rise in public spending
Page 19 and 20: The presented three types of nanote
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Self-Assembly and Emergent St
Page 23 and 24: After diligent investigation such s
Page 25 and 26: 1 µN) between a probe and the samp
Page 27 and 28: 3.2.1 Static Mode In Static Mode (a
Page 29 and 30: crystal and the cantilever tip (pha
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.6: Highly ordered and fres
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.8: Schematic drawing of th
Page 35: Figure 3.11: The cantilever deflect
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.1: A group of Euglena orga
Page 41 and 42: several species with rigid pellicle
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.2: The rightmost cell can
Page 45 and 46: cavity and is used for regulatory f
Page 47 and 48: as phobic reactions, because the ce
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.7: Scheme of the photorece
Page 51 and 52: Figure 4.9: Measured monoclinic uni
Page 53 and 54: Figure 4.11: Twice the same Euglena
Page 55 and 56: 4.15), their ends are termed the (-
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.15: Kinesin and dynein and
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4.17: (Image reproduced from
Page 61 and 62: into fully functional chloroplasts
Page 63 and 64: Figure 4.19: How a microtubule-kine
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 5 Materials and Methods The
Page 67 and 68: Cell Treatment - Demembranation In
Page 69 and 70: Figure 5.3: This image shows cells
Page 71 and 72: Figure 5.4: The AFM setup at the In
Page 73 and 74: Figure 5.6: If the user menu AFM_TU
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5.7: Single steps of the sam
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 6 Results High resolution t
Page 79 and 80: Figure 6.2: An embedded E. gracilis
Page 81 and 82: Figure 6.5: Scanning under liquid s
Page 83 and 84: Flagellum The flagellum of an E. gr
Page 85 and 86: Pellicle The pellicle of E. gracili
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 6.11: The pellicle of an E.
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Crystalline Cell Parts Crystalline
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Figure 6.18: A layered structure th
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It might also be possible that comb
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Appendix A Acronyms SPM Scanning Pr
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[13] A. Junk, F. Riess: From an ide
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[45] J. Ruan, B. Bhushan: Atomic-sc
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[70] M. Rief, M. Gautel, F. Oesterh
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[97] P. Gualtieri, L. Barsanti: Alg
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Annex 1 This Igor script was used i
Page 107 and 108:
w[i][j][laynr]=(w[i][j][3]-used_off
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