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were transported via (in this experiment olfactory) nerves at a speed of 2.5 mm per hour ([28]). Despite widespread use e.g. in public consumables such as makeup and creams, the very traits that make nanoparticles useful might also generate toxic effects. There is a lack of knowledge about possible risks arising from exposure to nanoparticles. ([29], [30]) The release of nanoparticles in the environment and thus possible exposure to humans and animal species remains thus to be investigated. As with any new technology the benefits may be accompanied by possible risks and its abuse. The health and safety implications should be openly addressed and not be taken lightly. 2.4.4 Information Challenge One of the big challenges of today’s nanotechnology will be the management of the fast growing knowledge associated with it, where much specific and detailed interdisciplinary information necessarily must be connected to advance further. One idea is that progress will stand in a direct relationship to the intelligent disposal of knowledge. For instance, in 2004 the European network Nanoforum 7 conducted an online survey to assess responses to the European Commission’s proposed document "Towards a European Strategy for Nanotechnology". Altogether 749 persons were interviewed across Europe. In this context it is especially noticeable, that an urgent need to develop nanotechnology education and training was expressed, with 90 % of participants indicating that interdisciplinarity is a crucial ingredient. ([14]) 2.5 Natural Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is accessible since only a couple of decades, nature builds and controls nanoscale machinery since the first forms of life have been populating earth. This makes for a lead of around 4 billion years of nanotechnological engineering. Every cell’s daily business includes the synthesis of protein from the corresponding DNA encoded information, the build up of large structures molecule by molecule like tough cell walls, the signaling and repair of damaged structures or the provisioning for energy for its functional cell organelles. 7 Nanoforum was originally funded by the European Commission as a project in the Fifth European Community Framework Programme covering Research, Technological Development and Demonstration activities. Since July 2007 Nanoforum has been operating as an independent European Economic Interest Grouping. 22
After diligent investigation such systems can provide a wealth of robust recipes and approaches, inspire man-made structures or be possibly applied to them in analogous form. 8 Nanotechnology in nature features various advantages from an scientific and engineering perspective. Natural systems offer diversity and availability and the freedom to study them for innovative applications. No legal issues exist that would restrict their investigation or translation into technological applications. Desirable principles incorporated by natural systems include amongst others the ability to self-replicate, self-heal, awareness, motility and intelligence. Organisms are highly autonomous, their inner workings are reversible or cyclic and most of the functions performed within are very efficient. 8 As Nobel Prize–winning chemist Richard Smalley observed in 1999, “Every living thing is made of cells that are chock full of nanomachines. . . . Each one is perfect right down to the last atom.” 23
Page 1 and 2: DIPLOMARBEIT Atomic Force Microscop
Page 3 and 4: »Later I have been asked many time
Page 5 and 6: Contents Abstract 4 1 Introduction
Page 7 and 8: 5.2.1 Optical Microscopy and Fluore
Page 9 and 10: theory (see e.g. [1]). Now I call o
Page 11 and 12: understand phenomena at a larger sc
Page 13 and 14: of whole dried Euglena cells in air
Page 15 and 16: these assembly functions for us. 2
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2: Rise in public spending
Page 19 and 20: The presented three types of nanote
Page 21: 2.4.1 Self-Assembly and Emergent St
Page 25 and 26: 1 µN) between a probe and the samp
Page 27 and 28: 3.2.1 Static Mode In Static Mode (a
Page 29 and 30: crystal and the cantilever tip (pha
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.6: Highly ordered and fres
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.8: Schematic drawing of th
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.11: The cantilever deflect
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.14: This force curve shows
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.1: A group of Euglena orga
Page 41 and 42: several species with rigid pellicle
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.2: The rightmost cell can
Page 45 and 46: cavity and is used for regulatory f
Page 47 and 48: as phobic reactions, because the ce
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.7: Scheme of the photorece
Page 51 and 52: Figure 4.9: Measured monoclinic uni
Page 53 and 54: Figure 4.11: Twice the same Euglena
Page 55 and 56: 4.15), their ends are termed the (-
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.15: Kinesin and dynein and
Page 59 and 60: Figure 4.17: (Image reproduced from
Page 61 and 62: into fully functional chloroplasts
Page 63 and 64: Figure 4.19: How a microtubule-kine
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 5 Materials and Methods The
Page 67 and 68: Cell Treatment - Demembranation In
Page 69 and 70: Figure 5.3: This image shows cells
Page 71 and 72: Figure 5.4: The AFM setup at the In
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 5.6: If the user menu AFM_TU
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 5.7: Single steps of the sam
Page 77 and 78:
Chapter 6 Results High resolution t
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Figure 6.2: An embedded E. gracilis
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 6.5: Scanning under liquid s
Page 83 and 84:
Flagellum The flagellum of an E. gr
Page 85 and 86:
Pellicle The pellicle of E. gracili
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Figure 6.11: The pellicle of an E.
Page 89 and 90:
Crystalline Cell Parts Crystalline
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Figure 6.18: A layered structure th
Page 93 and 94:
It might also be possible that comb
Page 95 and 96:
Appendix A Acronyms SPM Scanning Pr
Page 97 and 98:
[13] A. Junk, F. Riess: From an ide
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[45] J. Ruan, B. Bhushan: Atomic-sc
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[70] M. Rief, M. Gautel, F. Oesterh
Page 103 and 104:
[97] P. Gualtieri, L. Barsanti: Alg
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Annex 1 This Igor script was used i
Page 107 and 108:
w[i][j][laynr]=(w[i][j][3]-used_off
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