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Clemens Gruenberger Atomic Force Microscopy of the alga Euglena gracilis (diploma thesis) http://www.fragment.at/diplomathesis/ mailto:clem@fragment.at
»Later I have been asked many times if I feel bad for missing the effect? The answer is clearly no, because to make an experimental discovery it is not enough to observe something, one must also realize the significance of the observation, and in this instance I was not even close.« Ivar Giaever, about the Josephson effect 1 he had missed during his experiments of electron tunneling in superconductors. All the samples showing the Josephson effect were simply discarded as having shorts. (from his Nobel Prize speech, 1973) 2 1 Brian Josephson predicted that it should be possible to pass a supercurrent with zero voltage drop through the oxide barrier when the metals on both sides were superconducting. This is now called the dc Josephson effect. 2 In 1973, Leo Esaki (USA), Ivar Giaever (USA) and Brian D Josephson (UK) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The official press release reads: "The award is for their discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in solids. Half of the prize is divided equally between Esaki and Giaever for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors respectively. The other half is awarded to Josephson for his theoretical predictions of properties in a supercurrent flowing through a tunnel barrier, in particular the phenomena generally known as the Josephson effects. [...]" 3
Page 1: DIPLOMARBEIT Atomic Force Microscop
Page 5 and 6: Contents Abstract 4 1 Introduction
Page 7 and 8: 5.2.1 Optical Microscopy and Fluore
Page 9 and 10: theory (see e.g. [1]). Now I call o
Page 11 and 12: understand phenomena at a larger sc
Page 13 and 14: of whole dried Euglena cells in air
Page 15 and 16: these assembly functions for us. 2
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2: Rise in public spending
Page 19 and 20: The presented three types of nanote
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Self-Assembly and Emergent St
Page 23 and 24: After diligent investigation such s
Page 25 and 26: 1 µN) between a probe and the samp
Page 27 and 28: 3.2.1 Static Mode In Static Mode (a
Page 29 and 30: crystal and the cantilever tip (pha
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3.6: Highly ordered and fres
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.8: Schematic drawing of th
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.11: The cantilever deflect
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.14: This force curve shows
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.1: A group of Euglena orga
Page 41 and 42: several species with rigid pellicle
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.2: The rightmost cell can
Page 45 and 46: cavity and is used for regulatory f
Page 47 and 48: as phobic reactions, because the ce
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4.7: Scheme of the photorece
Page 51 and 52: Figure 4.9: Measured monoclinic uni
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 4.11: Twice the same Euglena
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4.15), their ends are termed the (-
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 4.15: Kinesin and dynein and
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Figure 4.17: (Image reproduced from
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into fully functional chloroplasts
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Figure 4.19: How a microtubule-kine
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Chapter 5 Materials and Methods The
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Cell Treatment - Demembranation In
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 5.3: This image shows cells
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Figure 5.4: The AFM setup at the In
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Figure 5.6: If the user menu AFM_TU
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 5.7: Single steps of the sam
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Chapter 6 Results High resolution t
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 6.2: An embedded E. gracilis
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 6.5: Scanning under liquid s
Page 83 and 84:
Flagellum The flagellum of an E. gr
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Pellicle The pellicle of E. gracili
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 6.11: The pellicle of an E.
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Crystalline Cell Parts Crystalline
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 6.18: A layered structure th
Page 93 and 94:
It might also be possible that comb
Page 95 and 96:
Appendix A Acronyms SPM Scanning Pr
Page 97 and 98:
[13] A. Junk, F. Riess: From an ide
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[45] J. Ruan, B. Bhushan: Atomic-sc
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[70] M. Rief, M. Gautel, F. Oesterh
Page 103 and 104:
[97] P. Gualtieri, L. Barsanti: Alg
Page 105 and 106:
Annex 1 This Igor script was used i
Page 107 and 108:
w[i][j][laynr]=(w[i][j][3]-used_off
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