Beginning Python - From Novice to Professional

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APPENDIX B ■ PYTHON REFERENCE 559 Table B-2. Operators (Continued) Operator Description Precedence (...) Parenthesized expression or tuple display 21 [...] List display 22 {key:value, ...} Dictionary display 23 `expressions...` String conversion 24 Table B-3. Some Important Built-in Functions Function abs(number) apply(function[, args[, kwds]]) bool(object) callable(object) chr(number) cmp(x, y) complex(real[, imag]) delattr(object, name) dict([mapping-or-sequence]) dir([object]) divmod(a, b) enumerate(iterable) eval(string[, globals[, locals]]) execfile(file[, globals[, locals]]) file(filename[, mode[, bufsize]]) filter(function, sequence) Description Returns the absolute value of a number. Calls a given function, optionally with parameters. Returns True or False, depending on the Boolean value of object. Checks whether an object is callable. Returns a character whose ASCII code is the given number. Compares x and y—if xy, it returns a positive number; and if x==y, it returns zero. Returns a complex number with the given real (and, optionally, imaginary) component. Deletes the given attribute from the given object. Constructs a dictionary, optionally from another mapping or a list of (key, value) pairs. May also be called with keyword arguments. Lists (most of) the names in the currently visible scopes, or optionally (most of) the attributes of the given object. Returns (a//b, a%b) (with some special rules for floats). Iterates over (index, item) pairs, for all items in iterable. Evaluates a string containing an expression, optionally in a given global and local scope. Executes a Python file, optionally in a given global and local scope. Creates a file object with a given file name, optionally with a given mode and buffer size. Returns a list of the elements from the given sequence for which function returns true.
560 APPENDIX B ■ PYTHON REFERENCE Table B-3. Some Important Built-in Functions (Continued) Function float(object) getattr(object, name[, default]) globals() hasattr(object, name) help([object]) hex(number) id(object) input([prompt]) int(object[, radix]) isinstance(object, classinfo) issubclass(class1, class2) iter(object[, sentinel]) len(object) list([sequence]) locals() long(object[, radix]) map(function, sequence, ...) max(object1, [object2, ...]) Description Converts a string or number to a float. Returns the value of the named attribute of the given object, optionally with a given default value. Returns a dictionary representing the current global scope. Checks whether the given object has the named attribute. Invokes the built-in help system, or prints a help message about the given object. Converts a number to a hexadecimal string. Returns the unique ID for the given object. Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)). Converts a string or number (optionally with a given radix) or number to an integer. Checks whether the given object is an instance of the given classinfo value, which may be either a class object, a type object, or a tuple of class and type objects. Checks whether class1 is a subclass of class2 (every class is a subclass of itself). Returns an iterator object, which is either object.__iter__(), an iterator constructed for iterating a sequence (if object supports __getitem__), or, if sentinel is supplied, an iterator that keeps calling object in each iteration until sentinel is returned. Returns the length (number of items) of the given object. Constructs a list, optionally with the same items as the supplied sequence. Returns a dictionary representing the current local scope (do not modify this dictionary). Converts a string (optionally with a given radix) or number to a long integer. Creates a list consisting of the values returned by the given function when applying it to the items of the supplied sequence(s). If object1 is a nonempty sequence, the largest element is returned; otherwise, the largest of the supplied arguments (object1, object2, . . .) is returned.
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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For Ranveig
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■CHAPTER 23 Project 4: In the New
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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Introduction A C program is like a
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82 CHAPTER 5 ■ CONDITIONALS, LOOP
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110 CHAPTER 6 ■ ABSTRACTION But w
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140 CHAPTER 7 ■ MORE ABSTRACTION
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CHAPTER 9 ■ ■ ■ Magic Methods
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CHAPTER 9 ■ MAGIC METHODS, PROPER
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256 CHAPTER 11 ■ FILES AND STUFF
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270 CHAPTER 12 ■ GRAPHICAL USER I
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298 CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMM
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358 CHAPTER 17 ■ EXTENDING PYTHON
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CHAPTER 18 ■ ■ ■ Packaging Yo
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