Beginning Python - From Novice to Professional

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CHAPTER 18 ■ ■ ■ Packaging Your Programs Once your program is ready for release, you will probably want to package it up properly before distributing it. If it consists of a single .py file, this might not be much of an issue, but if you’re dealing with nonprogrammer users, even placing a simple Python library in the right place or fiddling with the PYTHONPATH may be more than they want to deal with. Users normally want to simply double-click an install program, follow some install wizard, and then have your program ready to run. Lately, Python programmers have also become used to a similar convenience, although with a slightly more low-level interface. The Distutils toolkit for distributing Python packages easily lets you write install scripts in Python. You can use these scripts to build archive files for distribution, which the programmer (user) can then use for compiling and installing your libraries. In this chapter, I focus on Distutils, because it is an essential tool in every Python programmer’s toolkit. And Distutils actually goes beyond the script-based installation of Python libraries: you can build simple Windows installers using it, and with the extension py2exe you can build standalone Windows executable programs with it. And if you want a self-installing archive for your binaries, I provide a few pointers for that as well. Distutils Basics Distutils is documented thoroughly in the two documents “Distributing Python Modules” and “Installing Python Modules,” both available from the Python Library Reference (http:// python.org/doc/lib/module-distutils.html). You can use Distutils to do all manner of useful things by writing a script as simple as this: from distutils.core import setup setup(name='Hello', version='1.0', description='A simple example', author='Magnus Lie Hetland', py_modules=['hello']) 373
374 CHAPTER 18 ■ PACKAGING YOUR PROGRAMS ■Note The extra values you set here are used for several things. The name and version keywords, for example, are used for naming archive files, and the author and description keywords end up in a file called PKG-INFO in any archives you build. You don’t really have to supply all of this information in the setup function (you don’t actually have to supply any arguments at all), and you certainly can supply more (such as author_email or url). The names should be self-explanatory. In the following sections, you’ll see what you can use this simple script for. Basic Installation Name your script setup.py (this is a universal convention for Distutils setup scripts), and make sure that you have a simple module called hello.py in the same directory. ■Caution The setup script will create new files and subdirectories in the current directory when you run it, so you should probably experiment with it in a fresh directory to avoid having old files being overwritten. Now execute the script, like this: python setup.py You should get some output like the following: usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...] or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...] or: setup.py --help-commands or: setup.py cmd --help error: no commands supplied As you can see, you can get more information using the --help or --help-commands switches. Try to use the build command, just to see Distutils in action: python setup.py build You should now see output like the following:
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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Introduction A C program is like a
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