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CHAPTER 15 ■ PYTHON AND THE WEB 325 Figure 15-1. A CGI traceback from the cgitb module Using the cgi Module So far the programs have only produced output; they haven’t used any form of input. Input is supplied to the CGI script from an HTML form (described in the next section) as key-value pairs, or fields. You can retrieve these fields in your CGI script using the FieldStorage class from the cgi module. When you create your FieldStorage instance (you should create only one), it fetches the input variables (or fields) from the request and presents them to your program through a dictionary-like interface. The values of the FieldStorage can be accessed through ordinary key lookup, but due to some technicalities (related to file uploads, which we won’t be dealing with here) the elements of the FieldStorage aren’t really the values you’re after. For example, if you know the request contained a value named name, you couldn’t simply do this: form = cgi.FieldStorage() name = form['name'] You’d have to do this: form = cgi.FieldStorage() name = form['name'].value
326 CHAPTER 15 ■ PYTHON AND THE WEB A simpler way of fetching the values is the getvalue method, which is similar to the dictionary method get, except that it returns the value of the value attribute of the item. For example: form = cgi.FieldStorage() name = form.getvalue('name', 'Unknown') In the preceding example, I have supplied a default value ('Unknown'). If you don’t supply one, None will be the default. The default is used if the field is not filled in. Listing 15-6 contains a simple example that uses cgi.FieldStorage. Listing 15-6. A CGI Script That Retrieves a Single Value from a FieldStorage (simple2.cgi) #!/usr/bin/env python import cgi form = cgi.FieldStorage() name = form.getvalue('name', 'world') print 'Content-type: text/plain' print print 'Hello, %s!' % name INVOKING CGI SCRIPTS WITHOUT FORMS Input to CGI scripts generally comes from Web forms that have been submitted, but it is also possible to call the CGI program with parameters directly. You do this by adding a question mark after the URL to your script, and then adding key-value pairs separated by ampersands (&). For example, if the URL to the script in Listing 15-6 were http://www.someserver.com/simple2.cgi, you could call it with name=Gumby and age=42 with the URL http://www.someserver.com/simple2.cgi?name=Gumby&age=42. If you try that, you should get the message “Hello, Gumby!” instead of “Hello, world!” from your CGI script. (Note that the age parameter isn’t used.) You can use the urlencode method of the urllib module to create this kind of URL query: >>> urllib.urlencode({'name': 'Gumby', 'age': '42'}) 'age=42&name=Gumby' You can, of course, use this strategy in your own programs, together with urllib, to create a screen scraping program that can actually interact with a CGI script. However, if you’re writing both ends (that is, both server and client side) of such a contraption, you would, most likely, be better off using some form of Web service (as described later in this chapter). Note that there are two main ways of getting information from a CGI script: the GET method and the POST method. For the purposes of this chapter, the difference between the two isn’t really important (basically, GET is for retrieving things, and encodes its query in the URL, while POST can be used for any kind of query, but encodes the query a bit differently). For more information about GET and POST, see the forms tutorials in the next section.
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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