Beginning Python - From Novice to Professional

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CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMMING 301 ■Note At the time of writing, this code gave the exact results shown. However, by the time you read this, the Python page may have changed, and you may have to modify the regular expression to make the code work. Retrieving Remote Files The urlopen function gives you a file-like object you can read from. If you would rather have urllib take care of downloading the file for you, storing a copy in a local file, you can use urlretrieve instead. Rather than returning a file-like object, it returns a tuple (filename, headers), where filename is the name of the local file (this name is created automatically by urllib), and headers contains some information about the remote file. (I’ll ignore headers here. Look up urlretrieve in the standard library documentation of urllib if you want to know more about it.) If you want to specify a file name for the downloaded copy, you can supply that as a second parameter: urlretrieve('http://www.python.org', 'C:\\python_webpage.html') This retrieves the Python home page and stores it in the file C:\python_webpage.html. If you don’t specify a file name, the file is put in some temporary location, available for you to open (with the open function), but when you’re done with it, you may want to have it removed so that it doesn’t take up space on your hard drive. To clean up such temporary files, you can call the function urlcleanup without any arguments, and it takes care of things for you. SOME UTILITIES In addition to reading and downloading files through URLs, urllib also offers some functions for manipulating the URLs themselves. (The following assumes some knowledge of URLs and CGI.) These functions are • quote(string[, safe]). Returns a string in which all special characters (characters that have special significance in URLs) have been replaced by URL-friendly versions (such as %7E instead of ~). This can be useful if you have a string that might contain such special characters and you want to use it as a URL. The safe string includes characters that should not be coded like this: the default is '/'. • quote_plus(string[, safe]). Works like quote, but also replaces spaces with plus signs. • unquote(string). The reverse of quote. • unquote_plus(string). The reverse of quote_plus. • urlencode(query[, doseq]). Converts a mapping (such as a dictionary) or a sequence of twoelement tuples—of the form (key, value)—into a “URL-encoded” string, which can be used in CGI queries. (Check the Python documentation for more information.) Other Modules As mentioned, beyond the modules explicitly discussed in this chapter, there are hordes of network-related modules in the Python library and elsewhere. In Table 14-1, you find a list of
302 CHAPTER 14 ■ NETWORK PROGRAMMING some network-related modules from the Python standard library. As noted in the table, some of these modules are discussed elsewhere in the book. Table 14-1. Some Network-Related Modules in the Standard Library Module Description asynchat Additional functionality for asyncore (see Chapter 24) asyncore Asynchronous socket handler (see Chapter 24) cgi Basic CGI support (see Chapter 15) Cookie Cookie object manipulation, mainly for servers (see Chapter 15) cookielib Client-side cookie support (see Chapter 15) email Support e-mail messages (including MIME) ftplib FTP client module gopherlib gopher client module httplib HTTP client module imaplib IMAP4 client module mailbox Reads several mailbox formats mailcap Access to MIME configuration through mailcap files mhlib Access to MH mailboxes nntplib NNTP client module (see Chapter 23) poplib POP client module robotparser Support for parsing Web server robot files SimpleXMLRPCServer A simple XML-RPC server (see Chapter 27) smtpd SMTP server module smtplib SMTP client module telnetlib telnet client module urlparse Support for interpreting URLs xmlrpclib Client support for XML-RPC (see Chapter 27) SocketServer and Friends As you saw in the section about the socket module earlier, writing a simple socket server isn’t really hard. If you want to go beyond the basics, however, getting some help can be nice. The SocketServer module is the basis for a framework of several servers in the standard library, including BaseHTTPServer, SimpleHTTPServer, CGIHTTPServer, SimpleXMLRPCServer, and DocXMLRPCServer, all of which add various specific functionality to the basic server.
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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For Ranveig
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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Introduction A C program is like a
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572 APPENDIX C ■ ONLINE RESOURCES
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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