Beginning Python - From Novice to Professional

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CHAPTER 10 ■ BATTERIES INCLUDED 207 Listing 10-4. A Module with Conditional Test Code # hello4.py def hello(): print "Hello, world!" def test(): hello() if __name__ == '__main__': test() If you run this as a program, the hello function is executed, whereas if you import it, it behaves like a normal module: >>> import hello4 >>> hello4.hello() Hello, world! As you can see, I’ve wrapped up the test code in a function called test. I could have put the code directly into the if statement; however, by putting it in a separate test function, you can test the module even if you have imported it into another program: >>> hello4.test() Hello, world! ■Note If you write more thorough test code, it might be a good idea to put it in a separate program. See Chapter 16 for more on writing tests. Making Your Modules Available In the previous examples, I have altered sys.path, which contains a list of directories (as strings) in which the interpreter should look for modules. However, you don’t want to do this in general. The ideal case would be for sys.path to contain the right directory (the one containing your module) to begin with. There are two ways of doing this: Solution 1: Putting Your Module in the Right Place Putting your module in the right place (or, rather a right place, because there may be several possibilities) is quite easy. It’s just a matter of finding out where the Python interpreter looks for modules and then putting your file there. ■Note If the Python interpreter on the machine you’re working on has been installed by an administrator and you do not have administrator permissions, you may not be able to save your module in any of the directories used by Python. You will then have to skip ahead to solution number 2.
208 CHAPTER 10 ■ BATTERIES INCLUDED As you may remember, the list of directories (the so-called search path) can be found in the path variable in the sys module: >>> import sys, pprint >>> pprint.pprint(sys.path) ['C:\\Python24\\Lib\\idlelib', 'C:\\WINDOWS\\system32\\python24.zip', 'C:\\Python24', 'C:\\Python24\\DLLs', 'C:\\Python24\\lib', 'C:\\Python24\\lib\\plat-win', 'C:\\Python24\\lib\\lib-tk', 'C:\\Python24\\lib\\site-packages'] ■Tip If you have a data structure that is too big to fit on one line, you can use the pprint function from the pprint module instead of the normal print statement. pprint is a pretty-printing function, which makes a more intelligent printout. This is a relatively standard path for a Python 2.4 installation on Windows. You may not get the exact same result. The point is that each of these strings provides a place to put modules if you want your interpreter to find them. Even though all these will work, the site-packages directory is the best choice because it’s meant for this sort of thing. Look through your sys.path and find your site-packages directory, and save the module from Listing 10-4 in it, but give it another name, such as another_hello.py. Then try the following: >>> import another_hello >>> another_hello.hello() Hello, world! As long as your module is located in a place like site-packages, all your programs will be able to import it. Solution 2: Telling the Interpreter Where to Look Solution 1 might not be the right for you for a number of reasons: • You don’t want to clutter the Python interpreter’s directories with your own modules. • You don’t have permission to save files in the Python interpreter’s directories. • You would like to keep your modules somewhere else. The bottom line is that if you place your modules somewhere else, you have to tell the interpreter where to look. As you saw earlier, one way of doing this is to edit sys.path, but that is not a common way to do it. The standard method is to include your module directory (or directories) in the environment variable PYTHONPATH.
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Beginning Python From Novice to Pro
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viii ■CONTENTS Strings . . . . .
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Introduction A C program is like a
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358 CHAPTER 17 ■ EXTENDING PYTHON
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572 APPENDIX C ■ ONLINE RESOURCES
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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