Beginning Python - From Novice to Professional

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■CONTENTS xv ■CHAPTER 13 Database Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 The <strong>Python</strong> DB API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Global Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Connections and Cursors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Downloading and Installing pysqlite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 An Example Database Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Creating and Populating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Searching and Dealing with Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 A Quick Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 New Functions in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 What Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 ■CHAPTER 14 Network Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 A Handful of Networking Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 socket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 urllib and urllib2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Other Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 SocketServer and Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Multiple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Forking and Threading with SocketServers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Asynchronous I/O with select and poll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Twisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Downloading and Installing Twisted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Writing a Twisted Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 A Quick Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 New Functions in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 What Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 ■CHAPTER 15 <strong>Python</strong> and the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Screen Scraping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Tidy and XHTML Parsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Beautiful Soup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
xvi ■CONTENTS Dynamic Web Pages with CGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Step 1. Preparing the Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Step 2. Adding the Pound Bang Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Step 3. Setting the File Permissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 CGI Security Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 A Simple CGI Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Debugging with cgitb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Using the cgi Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 A Simple Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 One Step Up: mod_python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Installing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 CGI Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 PSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 The Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Web Services: Scraping Done Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 RSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 XML-RPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 A Quick Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 New Functions in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 What Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 ■CHAPTER 16 Testing, 1-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Test First, Code Later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Precise Requirement Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Planning for Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 The 1-2-3 (and 4) of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Tools for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 doctest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 unittest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Beyond Unit Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 PyChecker and PyLint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 A Quick Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 New Functions in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 What Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
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Index ■Symbols - operator 558 !=
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