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Policy Department D: Budgetary Affairs ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.3.1. Establishment of national organisational structures Bulgaria After having closed Kozloduy Unit 1 and 2 before 2003, based on a memorandum between Bulgaria and the EC in 1999, Bulgaria committed to the closure of Unit 3 and 4 in 2005 (Accession 2005) 17 and shut down these two units on the 31 st of December 2006. The decommissioning activities (fuel unloading etc.) started under control of the former operator organisation of the plant. In 2004, the state-owned organisation DP RAO (or SE RAW) was constituted by law (Act 2011a, Section II - Radioactive Waste State-Owned Company, Effective 1.01.2004) and put in charge of managing all activities concerning nuclear waste. The responsibility to decommission Units 1 and 2 were later transferred to this organisation in 2008, Units 3 and 4 followed in 2012. DP RAO is under administrative control of the Ministry for Economy and Energy (MEE 2013). In 2003, Bulgaria established a fund which aimed to cover the decommissioning costs (Act 2011a, Section V - Nuclear Facilities Decommissioning Fund - Effective 1.01.2003). The main contributor to the fund is the State of Bulgaria and, since the amendment of 2010, the state-owned operating company of Kozloduy NPP Units 5 and 6. The control of the fund is performed by a Management board comprised of Ministries, the operator of the nuclear power plants and others (Article 52 in Act 2011a). Lithuania In 2003 Lithuania committed to close its RBMK Units 1 and 2 of the nuclear power plant in Ignalina (Accession 2003a) 18 . Decommissioning preparations for Unit 1 were already earlier initiated by law (Act 2000), but the terms of this law remain very general. Article 4 of the law calls for a decommissioning plan, for which the operator of the Ignalina nuclear power plant (INPP) is mandated. Article 5 sets up a fund, but remains very general about the size, the sources and the administration rules of this fund. Article 10 requires the government to draft a fund law. This law (Act 2001) names as sources for the funds mainly deductions from sold electricity from INPP, foreign contributions and the sale of property. INPP is formally administered by the Minister of Energy (ME 2013). The structure is shown in Figure 32. 17 Accession 2005: Article 30: '1. Bulgaria, having closed - in line with its commitments - definitively for subsequent decommissioning Unit 1 and Unit 2 of the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant before the year 2003, commits to the definitive closure of Unit 3 and Unit 4 of this plant in 2006 and to subsequent decommissioning of these units.' 18 Accession 2003a: Article 1: 'Acknowledging the readiness of the Union to provide adequate additional Community assistance to the efforts by Lithuania to decommission the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant and highlighting this expression of solidarity, Lithuania commits to the closure of Unit 1 of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant before 2005 and of Unit 2 of this plant by 31 December 2009 at the latest and to the subsequent decommissioning of these units.' 100
Nuclear Decommissioning: Management of Costs and Risks ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 32: Control structure for decommissioning in Lithuania Chief Advisor Ministry for Energy Vice Minister Chief Specialist Decommissioning Deputy Head Law Chair Board Director General Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant Source: Authors As can be seen from this structure the Ministry for Energy is the sole controller of the decommissioning and is responsible for all decision-making. Slovakia According to the condition of accession to the European Union, both WWER units U 1 and U 2 of the nuclear power plant in Bohunice V1 were closed in 2006 and 2008 respectively 19 (Accession 2003b, Decree 1999). Since 2006 the organisation JAVYS is responsible for the decommissioning of V1 and radioactive waste management in the Jaslovské Bohunice nuclear power plant. The company's single shareholder is the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak republic. The activities of JAVYS are performed according to a Government Resolution titled 'Strategy of the Back End Cycle of the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy in the Slovak Republic' (Government 2008). A 'National Nuclear Fund for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities and Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste (NNF)' was established in 2006 according to the Act No. 238/2006 Coll. (Act 2006) 20 . It was supplemented by the Government Decree 312/2007 (Decree 2007) in which details of the collection and payment of obligatory contributions to the NNF are defined. The Slovak Government introduced in 2010 the Act No. 426/2010 on Tax from Electricity Sales Collection coming in to force in 2011 (Act 2011b). According to the Act in total EUR 70 million needs to be collected yearly for decommissioning of nuclear facilities in Slovakia. 19 Accession 2003a: Article 1: 'Slovakia commits to the closure of Unit 1 of the Bohunice V1 Nuclear Power Plant by 31 December 2006 and Unit 2 of this plant by 31 December 2008 at the latest and to subsequent decommissioning of these units.' 20 Act 2006: Zákon č. 238/2006 Z. z. o Národnom jadrovom fonde na vyraďovanie jadrových zariadení a na nakladanie s vyhoretým jadrovým palivom a rádioaktívnymi odpadmi 101
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