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comb of Scottish origin at Castlefarm (Riddler & Trzaska-Nartowski 2009, 7). Equally there are problems with terminology when comparing different artefacts such as pins, needles. Comber used the presence of finished artefacts, bone working tools and unfinished artefacts on ringforts, crannogs, monastic and miscellaneous sites to determine the scale of craftworking with bone (2008, 94-95). She identified five settlements with extensive evidence for bone working; Cahercommaun, Garryduff, Nendrum, Ballinderry 2 and Carraig Aille (ibid. 95). Eight had average evidence while twenty three sites had minimal evidence. Roestown Raystown Rathgurreen Parcnahown Killickaweeny Johnstown Garryduff Dowdstown Deerpark Farms Castlefarm Cahercommaun Carraig Aille 1 Baronstown Ballinderry II Ballyfounder 0 50 100 150 200 250 Antler Waste Waste bone Pins Bone awls Pig Fibulae pins/needles Knife Handles Bone comb Pointed, socketed objects Needles Beads Spindle whorls Other Figure 5.1: Evidence for bone objects from recently excavated sites alongside settlements ranked within Combers survey (2008, 95) like Rathgurreen (ranked average), Carraig Aille I, Cahercommaun, Garryduff, Ballinderry II (ranked extensive) and Ballyfounder (ranked minimal). A brief look at a sample of recently excavated sites which were extensively excavated indicates the numbers and types of bone artefacts present (Fig. 5.1). Sites like Carraig Aille and Cahercommaun while both ranked by Comber as having extensive bone working evidence clearly have considerable differences in the range and scale of objects made and used over time. Garryduff had a relatively low number of objects but was ranked as having extensive bone working because it had iron tools and unfinished bone objects. Recently extensively excavated sites like Castlefarm would certainly belong alongside or even above Carraig Aille in terms of significance. Raystown and Deer Park Park farms would seem to have produced approximately equivalent quantities on a lower scale. The latter sites had a similar range of objects such as an emphasis on pig fibulae pins and needles, small numbers of spindle whorls, bone combs and bone handles. Rath complexes like Baronstown and Dowdstown seem to have had low levels of bone objects. Many ecclesiastical sites appear to have also specialised in bone- and antler-working and there is much evidence from Armagh, Clonfad, Clonmacnoise, Iniscealtra, Moyne and smaller monasteries like Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry. Actual archaeological evidence for antler-working on an industrial scale has been confined to urban Dublin and Waterford. In Dublin, large deposits of antler waste were found in Viking levels in High Street and Christ Church Place (Anonymous 1973, 15). The Waterford deposits dated to the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. While it might be assumed that the antler for these workshops would have been acquired from their rural hinterland, the presence of roe deer amongst the Waterford assemblage suggests that at least some of the antler was imported (McCormick 1997, 837). There are a growing number of qualitative specialist studies of animal bone from a significant number of individual settlement sites. This combined with fine-tuned dating of archaeological 64
contexts, osteological analysis has the potential to inform large scale quantitative studies which should change our understanding of the exploitation and exchange of animal bone, horn and antler in early medieval Ireland. 65
Page 2 and 3:
The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
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Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
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Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
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Fig. 1.6: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.5: Map of site that produced
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 1.8: Percentages of site types
Page 20 and 21: Map 1.8: Map of site that produced
Page 22 and 23: Map 1.9: Map of site that produced
Page 24 and 25: Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
Page 26 and 27: data from over 300 sites, and has p
Page 28 and 29: 2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
Page 30 and 31: 2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
Page 32 and 33: also been found within or close to
Page 34 and 35: superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
Page 36 and 37: 2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
Page 38 and 39: working furnace at Rathgurreen and
Page 40 and 41: smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
Page 42 and 43: number of hearths as indicative of
Page 44 and 45: univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
Page 48 and 49: Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
Page 50 and 51: little Irish work has been undertak
Page 52 and 53: 3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
Page 54 and 55: supported by the evidence on most l
Page 56 and 57: needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
Page 58 and 59: ferrous metal-working relative to s
Page 60 and 61: glass-working which might suggest t
Page 62 and 63: 93). One decorated millefiori rod a
Page 64 and 65: Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
Page 66 and 67: handles, some smoothed and undecora
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
Page 72 and 73: Grindstones are circular stones wit
Page 74 and 75: North and appear to have been disca
Page 76 and 77: APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
Page 78 and 79: Site Site type Metalworking Residue
Page 84 and 85: Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
Page 86 and 87: Site Site type Metal-working featur
Page 88 and 89: Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107: Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111: The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113: perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115: Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
Page 116 and 117: Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
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Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121:
Of the 216 sites with personal orna
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Glass is the most common material f
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Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
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weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
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the preparatory stage occurred in t
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Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
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possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
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Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
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matting. Rush seeds were found in t
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(Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
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Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
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Significant evidence for metal-work
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Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
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Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
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APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
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Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
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Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
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Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
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Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
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- 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
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Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
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Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
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- 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
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social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
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Papers from the Proceedings of the
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- 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
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- 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
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Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
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McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
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Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
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- 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
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NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
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Meath. Unpublished report prepared
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- 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
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- 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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