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Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evidence for bone, horn and antler manufacturing in Ireland (numbers refer to EMAP 2012 gazetteer) There is growing evidence for cut-bone hollow cylinders, particularly in Scandinavian urban and rural contexts, which have sometimes been regarded as by-products of bone- and antlerworking. However these were often highly polished and sometimes show evidence of friction with hairs, strings and fibres and it has been suggested they be regarded as artefacts in their own right (Sheehan et al. 2001, 106). Examples have been found at Dalkey Island (Liversage 1968, 116, 225); Beginish Island (Sheehan et al. 2001, 105); Illaunloughan (Marshall and Walsh 2005, 188); Kells (Byrne 1988); Nendrum (Bourke 2007, 414-5); Ballinderry II 60
(Hencken 1942, 53) and in the Scandinavian towns of Dublin (Bourke 2007, 414, 421), Waterford (Hurley 1997d, 685) and Cork (Kelleher 2002). The excavations in Waterford have produced a wide variety of bone and antler artefacts, including casket mounts, gamingpieces, spindle-whorls, needles, needle-case, pin-beaters, pins, handles, toggles, drinking horns, tuning pegs, a flute and whistle – all of which were recovered primarily from ditch fills, house floors and associated backyards, and pits of twelfth and early thirteenth century date (Hurley 1997d, 652-5). At least 106 examples of an artefact known as a socketed longbone point have been recovered from Irish early medieval sites (Mullins 2007, 35). Known variously as scoops or gouges they were interpreted as socketed bone spearheads based on international comparisons (ibid. 57). Bone was also used for sword pommels as seen in the early example made from whalebone at Collierstown (Riddler and Trzaska-Nartowski 2009, 4-7). A bone stamp was recovered from Roestown and may have been used to stamp leather (Riddler and Trzaska-Nartowski 2009b, 7). 5.3: Raw materials, processes, manufacturing Bone: Large quantities of animal bone are regularly recovered from early medieval settlements and much would have been easily accessible and suitable for bone-working. In fact, the waterlogged conditions at Lagore preserved 50,000 lbs of animal bone (Hencken 1950, 241), indicating that large midden heaps and butchery areas developed within settlements. However as bone is an organic material, actual evidence for the working of this raw-material survives only in a small number of sites in the form of unfinished and completed objects and antler and bone off-cuts. It is likely that some objects such as pig-fibula pins could be produced with relatively little skill though others such as antler combs and decorated pins would have required much more expertise and were probably the work of semi-professionals (MacGregor 1985, 55-72; Edwards 1990, 84). The evidence for the manufacture and use of bone and antler pins were discussed in an as yet unpublished doctoral thesis (Boyle 2009). Though bone was occasionally used for combs, antler was the preferred option since it was more durable and pliable. Evidence for the various stages in the manufacture of antler combs, indicated by the presence of cut antler-tines, flat rectangular blanks and finished artefacts, and perforated bone discs or buttons were found at Clonfad, particularly from the fills of the outer enclosure ditch (Stevens 2007, 43, 2010, 91). Similar evidence for the production of bone buttons or discs was found at Raystown, while other evidence also included a small number of antler tines, bone combs, toggles and two knife handles (Seaver 2010, 277). Antler: Fragments from composite bone or antler combs – a roughed-out incomplete bone pin and the remains of a finished polished bone pin – were recovered from a midden at Illaunloughan (Marshall and Walsh 2005, 185-7). Evidence for bone-working at Roestown consisted of roughly-shaped and finished bone pins and other objects and four partially complete bone combs (O'Hara 2007; 2009b, 69, 81) mostly from the enclosure ditches and bone combs and various pieces of worked antler, including a knife handle with ring-and-dot decoration, were found in similar contexts at Castlefarm (O'Connell 2009a, 47, 54). At Johnstown I, animal bone was used to fashion seven pins, two unfinished pin shafts, two combs, a bead and a sewing needle (Clarke 2010, 69). Two roughly worked bone pieces – probably in the process of being worked into spearheads from marrow-scoops – were recorded at Raheennamadra (Stenberger 1966, 47-8) and a polished or worked bone piece, possibly used as a scoop or knife was found at Bowling Green (Fanning 1970, 16). Evidence for the manufacture of antler knife handles has been identified at Cathedral Hill, Armagh (Gaskell-Brown and Harper 1984, 125-8) and comprised two partially smoothed 61
Page 2 and 3:
The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
Page 8 and 9:
Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
Page 12 and 13:
Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
Page 14 and 15: Fig. 1.6: Percentages of site types
Page 16 and 17: Map 1.5: Map of site that produced
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 1.8: Percentages of site types
Page 24 and 25: Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
Page 26 and 27: data from over 300 sites, and has p
Page 28 and 29: 2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
Page 30 and 31: 2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
Page 32 and 33: also been found within or close to
Page 34 and 35: superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
Page 36 and 37: 2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
Page 38 and 39: working furnace at Rathgurreen and
Page 40 and 41: smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
Page 42 and 43: number of hearths as indicative of
Page 44 and 45: univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
Page 48 and 49: Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
Page 50 and 51: little Irish work has been undertak
Page 52 and 53: 3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
Page 54 and 55: supported by the evidence on most l
Page 56 and 57: needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
Page 58 and 59: ferrous metal-working relative to s
Page 60 and 61: glass-working which might suggest t
Page 62 and 63: 93). One decorated millefiori rod a
Page 66 and 67: handles, some smoothed and undecora
Page 68 and 69: comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
Page 72 and 73: Grindstones are circular stones wit
Page 74 and 75: North and appear to have been disca
Page 76 and 77: APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
Page 78 and 79: Site Site type Metalworking Residue
Page 84 and 85: Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
Page 86 and 87: Site Site type Metal-working featur
Page 88 and 89: Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107: Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111: The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113: perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115:
Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
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Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
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Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121:
Of the 216 sites with personal orna
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Glass is the most common material f
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
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weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
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the preparatory stage occurred in t
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Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
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possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
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Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
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matting. Rush seeds were found in t
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(Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
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Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
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Significant evidence for metal-work
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Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
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Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
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APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
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Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
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Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
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Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
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Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
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- 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
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Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
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Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
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- 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
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social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
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Papers from the Proceedings of the
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- 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
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- 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
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Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
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McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
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Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
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- 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
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NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
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Meath. Unpublished report prepared
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- 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
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- 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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