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glass-working which might suggest that these were used for melting glass (Craddock 1990, 204). ). Map 4.1: Map of Ireland showing distribution on sites with evidence for working glass, enamel and millifiori (numbers refer to EMAP 2012 gazetteer) Glass-working rods or canes have been found at Movilla Abbey (Henderson 1984, 100); Cathedral Hill, Upper English Street (Crothers 1999, 63) and Scotch Street (Lynn 1988e, 82), Armagh; Dunmisk (Henderson 1988b, 116-17); Moynagh Lough (Bradley 1990/91, 29); Ballycatteen (Ó Ríordáin and Hartnett 1943, 26) and Garranes (Ó Ríordáin 1942, 121). Small lumps of glass at Lagore and Movilla Abbey have been interpreted as glass spilled while in a 56
molten state (Comber 2008, 128). There is limited evidence for unfinished glass objects on early medieval Irish settlements. Glass beads are a common find on settlements but there is meagre evidence for workshops related to bead-making. Bead-making was possibly identified at Garryduff I in the form of two small glass blobs with possible partial perforations (O'Kelly 1963, 72, 77). Henderson (1984, 98) has suggested that two fragments of twisted green glass rods at Movilla Abbey may have been produced during the production of glass beads. A small amount of blue glass was found in a small mould for multi-coloured glass studs at Lagore and indicate the manufacture of these objects at this site (Hencken 1950, 132). A glass piece from Cahercommaun contained the traces of two perforations. The object was slightly curved and may represent a glass bracelet damaged in its production (Hencken 1938, 39). A now lost clay mould at Nendrum is said to have contained a matrix for either a glass or metal stud (Bourke 2007, 407, 419). Some crucibles at Clonmacnoise appear to have been used for glass-working and at least two droplets of green glass could indicate that it was worked in the ‘New Graveyard’ (King 2009, 344). The glass-working at Dunmisk was concentrated in the northeast quadrant of the site (Ivens 1989, 57). Several hearths were uncovered in this area and were associated with a layer of charcoal covering the area. One of these hearths contained pieces of glass-working remains and produced a radiocarbon date ranging from the late sixth to late ninth century, from the charcoal spread (Henderson 1988b, 115). The glass-working remains included ‘a broken glass stud, a melted drop of glass, fragments of ribbed blue rod, small fragments of dirty (discarded) green glass, and remnants from the manufacture of a cable-bead and of glassbearing crucibles’ (ibid.). At the longphort at Woodstown, a sub-rectangular structure defined by a slot-trench (10.44m by 7.1m at its greatest extent) was uncovered in the south-western field (Harrison et al. 2007, 67-71, 80-2) and contained a number of floor surfaces and a possible western entrance. Two external metalled pathways appear to have led to additional structures to the west. A considerable quantity of crucibles, hone stones, a tuyère fragment and rotary sharpening/polishing stones indicate an industrial function for this structure and there was evidence - glass beads, droplets and slag - that glass was worked in the immediate area, and probably within the structure itself (ibid. 71). Wallace (1984, 124) has also suggested that the production of glass beads was undertaken in Scandinavian Dublin as solidified hemispherical-shaped glass drops have been identified on house floors. Enamel also circulated in the form of lumps and rods. The enamel was ground into a fine powder with the use of a mortar and pestle and the powder was then fused onto the metal object by firing in a clay crucible or heating tray. A flame directed on the surface of the object would affect an adhesion between the metal and enamel and create a smooth, durable, vitreous coating. Once cooled, the enamel was finished by polishing with an abrasive (Bateson 1981, 87ff; Harden 1984, 135-6). A stick of opaque-yellow enamel was found at Cathedral Hill, Armagh (Harden 1984, 136) and other blocks of enamel are known from Moynagh Lough (Craddock 1990, 201) and in a stray find between Tara and Kilmessan (ibid.). Garranes produced several pieces of decayed enamel and two fragments of crucibles with droplets of red enamel still attached (Ó Ríordáin 1942, 121). Clay crucibles were recovered from Craigywarren crannóg and some of these had red vitreous matter on its surface which was possibly the remains of melted enamel (Coffey 1906, 116). Several metal objects were found within a souterrain at Mullagharlin/Haggardstown near Dundalk and one of these contained traces of enamel (McLoughlin 1999). Millefiori was produced by fusing several different coloured glass canes or rods together to form a pattern. These were rolled and drawn out to form a single long thin rod preserving the pattern while they were still hot and pliable. A thin slice was then cut off the end of the rod and was either fused directly into a metal object (similar to enamelling) or was laid in a bed of enamel that was held in position when fused to the metal (Edwards 1990, 93). Rods of millefiori have been found at Lagore, Garranes and Scotch Street, Armagh (Craddock 1990, 202-3). Two fragments of a blue glass cane at Lagore could either indicate the manufacture of millefiori rods though they may have also been used for glass insets or for ornamenting beads (Hencken 1950, 132). A small millefiori rod with a blue and white chequer pattern was also found and confirms that the decoration of metalwork with millefiori was definitely taking place at the site (Edwards 1990, 57
Page 2 and 3:
The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
Page 8 and 9:
Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
Page 10 and 11: Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
Page 12 and 13: Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
Page 14 and 15: Fig. 1.6: Percentages of site types
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 1.8: Percentages of site types
Page 24 and 25: Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
Page 26 and 27: data from over 300 sites, and has p
Page 28 and 29: 2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
Page 30 and 31: 2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
Page 32 and 33: also been found within or close to
Page 34 and 35: superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
Page 36 and 37: 2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
Page 38 and 39: working furnace at Rathgurreen and
Page 40 and 41: smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
Page 42 and 43: number of hearths as indicative of
Page 44 and 45: univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
Page 48 and 49: Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
Page 50 and 51: little Irish work has been undertak
Page 52 and 53: 3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
Page 54 and 55: supported by the evidence on most l
Page 56 and 57: needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
Page 58 and 59: ferrous metal-working relative to s
Page 62 and 63: 93). One decorated millefiori rod a
Page 64 and 65: Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
Page 66 and 67: handles, some smoothed and undecora
Page 68 and 69: comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
Page 72 and 73: Grindstones are circular stones wit
Page 74 and 75: North and appear to have been disca
Page 76 and 77: APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
Page 78 and 79: Site Site type Metalworking Residue
Page 84 and 85: Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
Page 86 and 87: Site Site type Metal-working featur
Page 88 and 89: Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107: Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111:
The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113:
perhaps adopted only by a minority
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Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
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Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
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Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121:
Of the 216 sites with personal orna
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Glass is the most common material f
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Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
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weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
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the preparatory stage occurred in t
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Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
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possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
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Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
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matting. Rush seeds were found in t
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(Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
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Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
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Significant evidence for metal-work
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Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
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Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
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APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
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Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
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Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
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Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
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Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
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- 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
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Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
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Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
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- 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
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social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
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Papers from the Proceedings of the
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- 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
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- 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
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Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
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McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
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Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
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- 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
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NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
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Meath. Unpublished report prepared
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- 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
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- 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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