EMAP_2012_Report_6_1.pdf (7.3 MB) - The Heritage Council

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Map 3.1: Map showing distribution of sites with early medieval non-ferrous metalworking (numbers refer to EMAP 2012 Gazetteer). Tuyère fragments can be used to indicate the presence of metal-working furnaces and many examples have already been described. Metal ingots, crucibles, clay and stone moulds, heating trays, motif-pieces, scrap-metal, lumps of waste, slag and ore were also associated with non-ferrous metal-working. Most raw copper-alloy would appear to have arrived on settlements pre-processed, in the form of copper-alloy ingots such as those found at least seven sites listed in Appendix Two along with Downpatrick (Ryan 1988, 43) and Moylarg (Craddock 1990, 174). These are found on well-known high-status settlements and ecclesiastical sites along with sites which had moderate levels of evidence for non-ferrous 44
metal-working like Castlefarm (O’Connell & Clark 2009, 14) and Deer Park Farms (Bayley 2011, 346-251). Bar-shaped ingots are the most common form and typically measure between 5 and 10cm and 1cm in thickness (Comber 2008, 135). These could have been used as convenient forms for storage or trade or could either have been hammered out on an anvil to form sheets of metal or melted down in crucibles for pouring into clay moulds, from which various objects could be cast. 3.2.1: Crucibles Crucibles are commonly found on early medieval settlements but were importantly specific to non-ferrous metal-working. A total of 55 settlements of the 62 sites with evidence for nonferrous metal-working within the EMAP 2012 gazetteer had evidence for crucibles and in 37 cases this was the only evidence for this type of craft (Fig. 3.1; Appendix 1.2). Comber’s analysis of ringfort and contemporary settlements identified 21 settlement sites with crucibles along with a further eight ecclesiastical sites. Estimating the number of crucibles per site is difficult as they are often given in publications as sherds or fragments rather than a minimum number of individual vessels. Therefore the numbers represented by fragments depends on the degree of fragmentation. This is in addition to those found at ecclesiastical sites such as Reask, Movilla Abbey, Clonmacnoise along with multiple locations in Armagh (Comber 2008). Crucibles from Armagh and Moynagh Lough bear the mark of tongs used to handle them. Many of these may have been represented by small numbers of sherds. The sites with no evidence for ferrous metal-working which contained crucibles had no excavated furnaces suggesting they could have been used in conjunction with domestic hearths. Figure 3.1: Crucibles found on different types of early medieval settlement (N=64) Most crucibles were made of clay though stone examples are also known. Several different types have been identified (Laing 2006, 115-7): the most common type were small with triangular mouths (pyramidal type) though deeper, bag-shaped and shallow, round-bottomed and flat-bottomed crucibles are also known (Edwards 1990, 90). Some details are available on the manufacture of these objects. A total of 26 sherds were found at Clonfad, all pyramidal in form (Young 2009a, 8.1). They were made from clay with an organic temper, possibly hair. Many crucibles have an internal glassy glaze was created when the hot contents combined with silicates and alumina in the wall of the vessel cool rapidly (Wallace 2009, 9). Relatively 45
Page 2 and 3: The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
Page 6 and 7: value to excavation reports far bey
Page 8 and 9: Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
Page 10 and 11: Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
Page 12 and 13: Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
Page 24 and 25: Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
Page 26 and 27: data from over 300 sites, and has p
Page 28 and 29: 2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
Page 30 and 31: 2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
Page 32 and 33: also been found within or close to
Page 34 and 35: superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
Page 36 and 37: 2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
Page 38 and 39: working furnace at Rathgurreen and
Page 40 and 41: smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
Page 42 and 43: number of hearths as indicative of
Page 44 and 45: univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
Page 50 and 51: little Irish work has been undertak
Page 52 and 53: 3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
Page 54 and 55: supported by the evidence on most l
Page 56 and 57: needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
Page 58 and 59: ferrous metal-working relative to s
Page 60 and 61: glass-working which might suggest t
Page 62 and 63: 93). One decorated millefiori rod a
Page 64 and 65: Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
Page 66 and 67: handles, some smoothed and undecora
Page 68 and 69: comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
Page 72 and 73: Grindstones are circular stones wit
Page 74 and 75: North and appear to have been disca
Page 76 and 77: APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
Page 78 and 79: Site Site type Metalworking Residue
Page 84 and 85: Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
Page 86 and 87: Site Site type Metal-working featur
Page 88 and 89: Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99:
Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101:
Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103:
Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105:
Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107:
Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109:
young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111:
The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113:
perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115:
Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
Page 116 and 117:
Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
Page 118 and 119:
Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121:
Of the 216 sites with personal orna
Page 122 and 123:
Glass is the most common material f
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
Page 126 and 127:
weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
Page 128 and 129:
the preparatory stage occurred in t
Page 130 and 131:
Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
Page 132 and 133:
possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
Page 134 and 135:
Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
Page 136 and 137:
matting. Rush seeds were found in t
Page 138 and 139:
(Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
Page 140 and 141:
Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
Page 142 and 143:
Significant evidence for metal-work
Page 144 and 145:
Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
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Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
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APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
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Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
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Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
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Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
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Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
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- 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
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Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
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Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
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- 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
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social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
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Papers from the Proceedings of the
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- 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
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- 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
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Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
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McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
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Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
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- 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
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NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
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Meath. Unpublished report prepared
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- 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
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- 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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