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Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13 17 Antrim 6 7 Down 4 7 Derry 1 1 Tyrone 1 1 Monaghan 1 1 Connacht 4 5 Mayo 3 4 Sligo 1 1 Munster 4 5 Cork 1 1 Clare 1 2 Limerick 2 2 Ireland only 1 1 TOTALS 37 74 Table 8.9: Distribution of glass bracelets (adapted from Doyle 2010) Glass beads are more common than bangles, and a number of sites with these ornaments also have suggestions of glass working (see Table 8.10). In some cases, the link between the ornaments and craft evidence is tenuous; at Lagore, for example, while millefiori rods and glass stud moulds were found, the excavator noted there was no direct evidence for the manufacture of beads, although it was possible (Hencken 1950, 12). More conclusive evidence takes the form of unfinished or failed beads, examples of which occurred at Dunmisk, Gragan West, Lislackagh and Moynagh Lough. Site Site type Glass beads Glass working evidence Ballycatteen Multivallate 2 blue glass rod (blue with white patches Ballyhenry Univallate 3 (2 blue & 1 green) disc of pale green glass – accidentally re-melted Dunmisk Univallate Plural 6 crucibles with glass residue, failed blue glass stud, failed glass beads, glass rods, scrap glass Garranes Multivallate 10 (1 black & white, 3 blue, 1 bluishgreen, 1 red & yellow, 1 red, 1 yellow, 1 black, 1 not specified) Garryduff Univallate 28 (14 blue, 3 yellow, 2 green, 2 polychrome, 1 clear & yellow, 1 clear/brownish, 1 clear, 1 green & yellow, 1 red & yellow, 2 unspecified) 3 glass rods, millefiori rod in bronze tube & 2 other millefiori pieces, glass vessel fragments Blob of molten glass Gragan West Raised 1 yellow melted glass bead Lagore Crannog 136 (78 blue, 10 white, 4 yellow, 2 khaki, 5 green, 1 blue-green, 1 red & white, 11 glass stud moulds, plain & millefiori glass rods blue & white, 2 yellow & green, 1 green & black, 3 clear & yellow, 2 grey & yellow, 2 red, 1 blue & yellow, 4 polychrome, 1 amber, 1 black, 1 clear, others unspecified) Lislackagh Univallate 5 (4 blue & 1 yellow) possibly unfinished glass bead Moynagh Lough Crannog Plural (including 3 blue and 1 white & glass rods, unfinished bead yellow) Roestown 2 Non-circular 12 (6 blue, 3 blue-green, 2 yellow, 1 yellow-green) crucible with glazed residue Woodstown Other 2 (1 blue, 1 clear) molten glass droplets Table 8.10: Sites with glass beads and evidence of glass working Lignite/jet/shale working A small number of sites have produced both ornaments in jet/lignite/shale and also evidence for the working of these materials. The main evidence for the manufacture of bracelets is usually interpreted as occurring in the form of the central cores removed in the process 140
(Childe 1938, 133). Six shale cores and four bracelet fragments were found at Doonmore (Childe 1938, 133). Oldcourt produced one jet core and three bracelet fragments (Murphy & Ó Cuileanáin 1961). Feltrim Hill produced a waste jet disc, a number of bracelet fragments and two jet beads (Hartnett & Eogan 1964, 31). However, two jet-like rough-outs from Knowth, which appear very similar to those from other sites, have recently been argued as ‘unlikely to be the residual cores’ of bracelets, but rather rough discs brought to the site for finishing into artefacts (Johnson 2012, 735). Indeed, it has been suggested that these roughouts might have been used on site as gaming pieces (ibid. 230), suggesting that apparent waste products might have been useful items, rather than simply debris. For other evidence, fragments of bracelets may represent manufacture or may simply be broken ornaments; occasionally some are identified as having been broken in the course of manufacture, as at Cush (Ó Ríordáin 1939-40, 151). It is also interesting to look at sites which have evidence for working in these materials but no finished ornaments, such as Ballybrolly, which has a lignite core but no bracelets – indeed no personal ornaments at all. Another issue requiring further attention is the need for exact analysis of the jet/lignite/shale, which is often identified simply on appearance rather than a scientific basis; this would help to show if locally-available material is being used, which might support idea of local manufacture, or if either the material or the finished artefact is imported/traded from farther afield. Bone-working Bone pins are among the simplest of personal ornaments, in many cases being simple forms with limited modification and no decoration. While there have been some elaborately carved examples of bone pins, for example from Lagore, where one was anthropomorphic in form (Hencken 1950, 193, fig. 105), and Glebe, where a zoomorphic pin in the shape of a horse’s head was found (Seaver 2007), many are quite plain, notably those made from pig fibulae. It has been noted that pig-fibula pins ‘could have been manufactured with relatively little skill’ but ‘decorated pins were the work of professionals’ (Edwards 1990, 84), while ‘simple objects of stone, bone and wood’ would have been made ‘by those who needed them’ (Mytum 1992, 211). The law tracts do not specify bone-working as a craft; the nearest equivalent is the comb-maker, whose honour price, at half a sét, is significantly below that of any metalworker (Kelly 1988, 63). However, comb-making might be considered a more skilled task, requiring both specialised equipment and experience (Hinton 2006, 160). Even still, the perceived low status of the comb-maker is reflected in a late ninth-century Triad which noted ‘Three things that constitute a comb-maker: racing a hound in contending for a bone; straightening a ram’s horn by his breath, without fire; chanting upon a dunghill so that all antlers and bones and horns that are below come to the top’ (Meyer 1906, 17). By extension, the bone-worker making pins, beads or other items would not seem to have had a social value, perhaps supporting the idea of individual, domestic manufacture. Site Site type Bone ornaments Bone working Athlumney Souterrain 2 pins, 1 bead Indirect Ballinderry I Crannog 6 pins Indirect Ballinderry II Crannog 9 pins Indirect Ballyvass Univallate Pins bone cut-off waste Baronstown Non-circular 2 pins Indirect Boho Cashel Pin indirect Boyerstown Non-circular Pins polished unworked bone Cahercommaun Cashel 82 pins, 5 beads, 1 pendant worked pieces of bone Carraig Aille I Cashel 3 pins Indirect Carraig Aille II Cashel 39 pins, 2 beads indirect Carrigoran Univallate Bead Indirect Castlefarm Cemetery/settlement 17 pins unworked pig fibulae Castleskreen Univallate Pin indirect Clea Lakes Crannog 4 pins Indirect Cloghermore Other 8 pins, 3 beads indirect Cloncowan Cemetery/settlement 2 pins, fragment pendant Indirect Deer Park Farms Raised 36 pins Indirect 141
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The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
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Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
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Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
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data from over 300 sites, and has p
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2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
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2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
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also been found within or close to
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superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
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2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
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working furnace at Rathgurreen and
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smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
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number of hearths as indicative of
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univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
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Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
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Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
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little Irish work has been undertak
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3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
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supported by the evidence on most l
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needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
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ferrous metal-working relative to s
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glass-working which might suggest t
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93). One decorated millefiori rod a
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Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
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handles, some smoothed and undecora
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comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
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Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
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Grindstones are circular stones wit
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North and appear to have been disca
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APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
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Site Site type Metalworking Residue
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Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
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Site Site type Metal-working featur
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Site Site type Evidence Reference A
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Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
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Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107: Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111: The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113: perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115: Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
Page 116 and 117: Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
Page 118 and 119: Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121: Of the 216 sites with personal orna
Page 122 and 123: Glass is the most common material f
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
Page 126 and 127: weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
Page 128 and 129: the preparatory stage occurred in t
Page 130 and 131: Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
Page 132 and 133: possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
Page 136 and 137: matting. Rush seeds were found in t
Page 138 and 139: (Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
Page 140 and 141: Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
Page 142 and 143: Significant evidence for metal-work
Page 146 and 147: Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
Page 148 and 149: APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
Page 150 and 151: Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
Page 152 and 153: Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
Page 154 and 155: Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
Page 156 and 157: Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
Page 158 and 159: - 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
Page 160 and 161: Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
Page 162 and 163: Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
Page 164 and 165: - 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
Page 166 and 167: social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
Page 168 and 169: Papers from the Proceedings of the
Page 170 and 171: - 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
Page 172 and 173: - 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
Page 174 and 175: Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
Page 176 and 177: McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
Page 178 and 179: Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
Page 180 and 181: - 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
Page 182 and 183: NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
Page 184 and 185: Meath. Unpublished report prepared
Page 186 and 187: - 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
Page 188 and 189: - 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
Page 190 and 191: - 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
Page 192 and 193: - 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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