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Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierstown I Cemetery/ Pin Slag settlement Cush Non-circular Pin Slag Dalkey Island Other Ring-headed pin Slag, tuyere Deer Park Farms Raised 14 pins (1 with blue glass head) slag (some smelting but mostly smithing), tuyere fragments Deerfin Cashel Pins 5 industrial hearths Dooey Other brooches, pins & buckles Slag Dowdstown 2 Non-circular 3 pins slag & furnace lining Dun Eoganachta Cashel Pin Slag Dunbell Big 5 Univallate Pin Slag & furnace Faughart Lower Cemetery/ Pins Slag settlement Feltrim Hill Cashel 23 pins slag Garryduff Univallate 20 pins 44 furnace bottoms, 1 furnace, ore, 8 tuyere fragments, slag, anvil Johnstown Cemetery/ settlement 2 pins 11 smelting furnaces, 5 smithing hearths, tuyere fragments, slag Kilgobbin Multivallate Pins slag – smelting & smithing Killanully Univallate 1 pin ore, tuyere, kiln lining Killickaweeny Univallate 6 pins slag – mostly smelting but some smithing Knockadrina Univallate 1 pin Slag Knockea Raised 1 pin (or needle) furnace bottoms & tuyere Knowth Raised 27 pins, 6 buckles furnaces/hearths, smelting slag & mixed slag, smithing cakes, tuyere Lagore Crannog 12 pins slag, tuyere fragments, smithing hearths Leacanabuaile Cashel 1 pin slag Lisleagh I Multivallate 1 pin slag, furnace bottoms, tuyere fragments Lisleagh II Univallate 1 pin slag & bowl furnace Lough Faughan Crannog Pins Slag Loughbown 1 Multivallate Pin Slag Meadowbank Raised Pins slag & tuyere fragments Mount Offaly Cemetery/ 2 buckles iron-working furnace & slag settlement Moynagh Lough Crannog 4 pins Furnaces & slag Moyne Univallate Pin Slag Parknahown Cemetery/ settlement 1 pin, 1 buckle iron-working residue, principally smithing but also smelting Rathgurreen multivallate brooch & pin Slag & tuyeres Raystown Non-circular 12 pins, 1 buckle Slag Roestown 2 Non-circular 8 pins smithing slag, stone anvil Rosepark Non-circular Possible pin, 1 buckle slag & furnace clay Sallymount Non-circular 2 pin shanks slag, smelting slag, smithing hearths, furnace lining, hammerscale Sluggary Multivallate Pins 4 furnace bottoms, 1 piece of slag Sroove Crannog 1 pin bowl furnace The Spectacles Cashel 1 pin slag Table 8.7: Sites with iron ornaments and evidence of manufacturing 136
Fig. 8.5: Sites with iron ornaments and evidence of iron-working: number for each site type Non-ferrous metalworking While crucible residues and other traces are a useful indication of metals worked on site, mould fragments are a key part of the evidence for the manufacture of particular types of ornaments. Stone moulds occasionally provide such hints, for example a complete mould for ‘dress-pins’ from Caherconnell (O’Sullivan et al. 2010, i, 118). Clay mould fragments, broken open after casting to release the ornaments, may occasionally provide sufficient detail to allow brooch or pin types to be identified, which might potentially reflect the ornaments also found on site. Sheet metal working, however, can also be used for ornaments; this was the method used for the bird-headed brooches from Lagore and Moynagh Lough (see below). While evidence for non-ferrous metal working occurs on forty-four sites which also produced personal ornaments (see Table 8.8), it is rarely possible to directly link the process and products. The possibility that ornaments found on these sites could have been made there remains, but is not conclusive. Some sites, however, have more convincing evidence for the manufacture of dress ornaments. At Garranes, both stone and clay moulds for casting pins and rings were found (Ó Ríordáin 1941-2, 110, 123-4), while a copper alloy pin was noted as being fresh from casting (ibid. 95). Evidence from Lagore included an unstratified mould for a ring-headed pin and a mould fragment showing part of a large ring, possibly for a brooch (Hencken 1950, 126, fig. 60 nos. 1517 & 872). The manufacture of copper alloy ornaments was also noted at Dooey (Ó Ríordáin & Rynne 1961, 62); evidence included quantities of both complete and fragmentary clay moulds, including one for a penannular brooch (ibid. Fig. 7). Finished personal ornaments from the site include around fifty bronze pins, along with brooches and buckles. At Lough Faughan, a clay mould for a flat-headed pin was found (Collins 1955, 59), although this type does not correspond with the actual pin found on site. The multivallate site of Clogher has been identified as a brooch factory, with two specific types of zoomorphic penannular brooches apparently being manufactured there, one of them by an individual craftsman (Kilbride-Jones 1980, 63). In addition to manufacturing evidence, the site has been proposed as the centre for dissemination of these particular brooch types (ibid. 66). 137
Page 2 and 3:
The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
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Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
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Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
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data from over 300 sites, and has p
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2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
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2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
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also been found within or close to
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superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
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2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
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working furnace at Rathgurreen and
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smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
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number of hearths as indicative of
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univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
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Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
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Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
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little Irish work has been undertak
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3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
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supported by the evidence on most l
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needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
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ferrous metal-working relative to s
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glass-working which might suggest t
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93). One decorated millefiori rod a
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Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
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handles, some smoothed and undecora
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comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
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Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
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Grindstones are circular stones wit
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North and appear to have been disca
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APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
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Site Site type Metalworking Residue
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Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
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Site Site type Metal-working featur
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Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107: Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111: The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113: perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115: Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
Page 116 and 117: Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
Page 118 and 119: Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121: Of the 216 sites with personal orna
Page 122 and 123: Glass is the most common material f
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
Page 126 and 127: weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
Page 128 and 129: the preparatory stage occurred in t
Page 130 and 131: Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
Page 132 and 133: possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
Page 136 and 137: matting. Rush seeds were found in t
Page 138 and 139: (Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
Page 142 and 143: Significant evidence for metal-work
Page 144 and 145: Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
Page 146 and 147: Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
Page 148 and 149: APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
Page 150 and 151: Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
Page 152 and 153: Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
Page 154 and 155: Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
Page 156 and 157: Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
Page 158 and 159: - 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
Page 160 and 161: Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
Page 162 and 163: Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
Page 164 and 165: - 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
Page 166 and 167: social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
Page 168 and 169: Papers from the Proceedings of the
Page 170 and 171: - 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
Page 172 and 173: - 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
Page 174 and 175: Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
Page 176 and 177: McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
Page 178 and 179: Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
Page 180 and 181: - 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
Page 182 and 183: NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
Page 184 and 185: Meath. Unpublished report prepared
Page 186 and 187: - 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
Page 188 and 189: - 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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