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weft-beaters or other weaving-related tools (and some examples from Carraig Aille II would meet Hoffmann’s (1964, 320) description of pin beaters), Mullins (2007, 53-4) favoured the interpretation of socketed longbone points in general as spearheads. This highlights the potential for simple tools, in particular, to be variously interpreted, which may affect the quantity of evidence recognised as relating to particular crafts/functions, including textile working. Map 8.1: Evidence for textile-working in early medieval Ireland (numbers refer to EMAP 2012 gazetteer) 122
FitzGerald also suggested that small iron spikes found on a number of sites might be teeth from wool combs or heckles, i.e. the surviving parts of tools used in the initial processing of wool or flax (the wooden handles or boards on which the spikes were mounted not having survived) (FitzGerald 2000, i, 53). Again, this potentially increases the material evidence for craft-working on early medieval sites, causing us to reconsider our initial assumptions. In this re-interpretation of evidence, for example, the site of Cahercommaun offers not just a large quantity of spindle whorls, but also potentially the tools of flax heckling, wool combing, sewing and weaving, all of which may have been carried out on the site. There may be considerably more evidence existing for such crafts than previously recognised, and further specialised work is required to re-assess the situation. As Map 8.1 shows, the distribution of this proxy evidence for textile working is considerable. It is relatively rare to find a site containing evidence for all stages of the process; however, material preservation plays a role in this regard. While stone and metal artefacts, and to a lesser extent bone, are reasonably well preserved in most conditions, wooden items are usually only preserved in waterlogged conditions; this limits our appreciation of the use of this material in the artefacts of cloth and clothing manufacture, and may skew our picture of the location and distribution of this work. Nevertheless, 120 sites in the gazetteer provide evidence for textile working. The evidence does not necessarily imply that all stages of textile manufacture were carried out on all of these sites; different stages, from processing of raw materials to spinning to weaving, may have been separated and carried out at different site-types or by different groups of people. Of the 120 sites, three sites had dye evidence only (Boho, Doonlaughan and Rathgurreen), with no other evidence for textile working. Seventeen sites have evidence for preparation (mainly fibres/sources and processing); 84 have spinning evidence (primarily whorls); 58 have weaving evidence; 52 have sewing evidence (needles and shears) (see Fig. 8.1). There are 197 sites with no evidence of textile working – not even a single tool – and it is unknown whether this is related to issues of survival/extent of excavation, or to a genuine absence of this craft on those sites. 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 preparation spinning weaving sewing Fig. 8.1. The four textile-working processes by site type Some interesting points arise from looking at the site types involved in each stage of textile working. In general, most site types have evidence for all four stages, with the exception of souterrain sites, where evidence for both preparation and weaving are absent. Those souterrain sites which have spinning and sewing tools may reflect the portability, or perhaps storage, of these tools rather than these processes being carried out there. No evidence for 123
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The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
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Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
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Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
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data from over 300 sites, and has p
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2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
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2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
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also been found within or close to
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superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
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2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
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working furnace at Rathgurreen and
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smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
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number of hearths as indicative of
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univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
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Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
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Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
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little Irish work has been undertak
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3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
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supported by the evidence on most l
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needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
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ferrous metal-working relative to s
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glass-working which might suggest t
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93). One decorated millefiori rod a
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Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
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handles, some smoothed and undecora
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comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
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Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
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Grindstones are circular stones wit
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North and appear to have been disca
Page 76 and 77: APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
Page 78 and 79: Site Site type Metalworking Residue
Page 84 and 85: Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
Page 86 and 87: Site Site type Metal-working featur
Page 88 and 89: Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 106 and 107: Townland/Site Name Site Type Commen
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111: The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113: perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115: Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
Page 116 and 117: Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
Page 118 and 119: Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121: Of the 216 sites with personal orna
Page 122 and 123: Glass is the most common material f
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
Page 128 and 129: the preparatory stage occurred in t
Page 130 and 131: Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
Page 132 and 133: possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
Page 136 and 137: matting. Rush seeds were found in t
Page 138 and 139: (Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
Page 140 and 141: Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
Page 142 and 143: Significant evidence for metal-work
Page 144 and 145: Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
Page 146 and 147: Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
Page 148 and 149: APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
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Page 152 and 153: Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
Page 154 and 155: Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
Page 156 and 157: Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
Page 158 and 159: - 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
Page 160 and 161: Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
Page 162 and 163: Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
Page 164 and 165: - 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
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Page 168 and 169: Papers from the Proceedings of the
Page 170 and 171: - 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
Page 172 and 173: - 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
Page 174 and 175: Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
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McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
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Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
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- 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
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NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
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Meath. Unpublished report prepared
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- 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
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- 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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