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Townland/Site Name Site Type Comments Reference Ballycatteen, Co. Cork Rath Single piece of dark red pottery with inclusions Ó Ríordáin & Hartnett 1943, 37 Ballyeagh, Co. Kerry Sandhills Sherds of inferior quality red pottery – local attempts to Ó Ríordáin 1947, 66 Ballygerry, Co. Wexford Killegar, Co. Wexford Lagore Crannog, Co. Meath Moynagh Crannog, Co. Meath Reask, Co. Kerry Habitation site copy imported Roman wares 28 Sherds of Pottery which shared some similarities to the souterrain ware tradition Henry 2004:1789. Ecclesiastical Seven sherds of red pottery, Raftery 1941, 306-8 possibly Iron Age Crannog Sherd of black, coarse ware Hencken 1950, 126 Crannog Ecclesiastical Sherds of ‘a coil-built pottery vessel of poorly fired white clay’ 100 sherds of pottery - a light porous grass-tempered type; and a heavier type containing grits Bradley 1991, 18 Fanning 1981, 112 Table A1.12: Evidence for Pottery-Making (non-souterrain ware?) from Early Medieval sites 102
Section 3: Early medieval crafts and the manufacture and use of people’s dress and ornament. Maureen Doyle This section explores what people in early medieval Ireland wore – clothing, accessories and ornaments – and examines the evidence from the sites detailed in the attached gazetteer for both the presence of these dress items, and for their manufacture. The first part considers what was worn in this period, and our sources for reconstructing the costume; and analyses the most common artefacts found, with reference to their location and other details. The second part considers the evidence for the crafts involved in making clothing and ornaments; this deals primarily with textile working, but includes brief assessments of working in other materials (metals, leather, glass, bone, jet/lignite) insofar as they relate specifically to personal ornaments. A broader consideration of these latter crafts was given in Section 2. Chapter 7: Early medieval dress and ornament Dress in early medieval Ireland was based around the main garments of the léine or tunic, the brat or cloak, the ionar (a type of jacket) and trousers or breeches (Dunleavy 1999). With the exception of the latter, the same garments were generally worn by both men and women; variations in length, quality and embellishment (embroidery, colour, etc.) provided the main distinguishing features of this basic costume. The basic garments were also accompanied by accessories, including shoes and belts. Few headdresses are known, other than caps and scarves from Viking Dublin, made of wool and silk. A wide range of ornaments was also used. Some, such as brooches and pins, were in the first instance functional, being used to fasten garments, especially the brat, although they also offered the opportunity for display. Others, such as bracelets, rings and beads, were more purely decorative. Taken together they offer an insight into the overall costume, and what it was used to convey to society in terms of statements of age, gender or status. Literary evidence Contemporary literature, including the law tracts, sagas, saints’ Lives and other documents, gives considerable information on dress. The basic garments are taken for granted, and it is the details of the tunics and cloaks – colour, fabric, decoration, and how they are worn – which is the focus of attention. In Táin Bó Cuailgne, for example, varying lengths of tunic (to the knee, or to the feet) are described (O’Rahilly 1976, 125, 183). The extent to which we can rely on these texts varies; the law tracts, for example, dating originally from the seventh to eighth century but incorporating later glosses and corruptions (Kelly 1988, 1, 225-6, 232), are largely normative in nature, setting out what people of particular social ranks were entitled – or expected – to wear. Thus, for example, a late gloss on the law on fosterage prescribes different colours of clothes to be worn by children based on their fathers’ social rank: the sons of kings may wear purple and blue, the sons of lords red, grey and brown, and commoners’ sons may wear clothes of yellow, black, white or dun-colour. Similarly, noble children are permitted to wear silver brooches, while lower grades are restricted to lesser metals (Ní Chonaill 2008, 14). While this law is specific to children in fosterage, similar restrictions may have been proposed for adults of the relevant ranks, at least in principle. Whether such sumptuary dictats actually operated in practice, they may ‘reflect a general truth that the higher ranks wore more colourful clothing than those of lower rank’ (Kelly 1997, 263). The Annals of the Four Masters include an early entry which supports this idea, suggesting that status was displayed through the number of colours worn: ‘one colour in the clothes of slaves; two in the clothes of soldiers; three in the clothes of goodly heroes, or 103
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The Early Medieval Archaeology Proj
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Table of Contents Section 1: An Ove
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value to excavation reports far bey
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Fig. 1.2: Percentages of site types
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Map 1.1: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.3a: Map of site that produced
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Map 1.11: Geological evidence for s
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data from over 300 sites, and has p
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2.2: Iron artefacts on Irish early
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2012 gazetteer as well as at Randal
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also been found within or close to
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superstructure (ibid. 117). A few a
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2.4.1: Smithing Secondary smithing
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working furnace at Rathgurreen and
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smithing and bloom smithing (827 kg
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number of hearths as indicative of
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univallate enclosures at Lisleagh 1
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Chapter 3: Early Medieval Non-Ferro
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Map 3.1: Map showing distribution o
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little Irish work has been undertak
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3.2.4: Motif-pieces Stone, antler,
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supported by the evidence on most l
Page 56 and 57: needle (ibid. 144-49). However, McE
Page 58 and 59: ferrous metal-working relative to s
Page 60 and 61: glass-working which might suggest t
Page 62 and 63: 93). One decorated millefiori rod a
Page 64 and 65: Map 5.1: Map of Ireland showing evi
Page 66 and 67: handles, some smoothed and undecora
Page 68 and 69: comb of Scottish origin at Castlefa
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 6: Early medieval stone-wor
Page 72 and 73: Grindstones are circular stones wit
Page 74 and 75: North and appear to have been disca
Page 76 and 77: APPENDIX 1 Site Site type Metalwork
Page 78 and 79: Site Site type Metalworking Residue
Page 84 and 85: Site Site type Metal-working Artefa
Page 86 and 87: Site Site type Metal-working featur
Page 88 and 89: Site Site type Evidence Reference A
Page 90 and 91: Site name Evidence Reference Athlum
Page 92 and 93: Armagh: Cathedral Hill, Co. Armagh
Page 94 and 95: Site name Evidence Reference Ballin
Page 96 and 97: Site name Evidence Reference Aghade
Page 98 and 99: Site name Evidence Reference Legget
Page 100 and 101: Co. Antrim Ballyhenry II, Co. Antri
Page 102 and 103: Co. Louth Donegore, Co. Antrim Doon
Page 104 and 105: Co. Monaghan Lisleitrim, Co. Armagh
Page 108 and 109: young lords of territories; six in
Page 110 and 111: The only ornaments which appear in
Page 112 and 113: perhaps adopted only by a minority
Page 114 and 115: Clogher, Co. Tyrone Multivallate pl
Page 116 and 117: Fig 3.2: brooches by site types (40
Page 118 and 119: Cloghermore, Dalkey Island, Dooey,
Page 120 and 121: Of the 216 sites with personal orna
Page 122 and 123: Glass is the most common material f
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 8: Manufacturing on Rural S
Page 126 and 127: weft-beaters or other weaving-relat
Page 128 and 129: the preparatory stage occurred in t
Page 130 and 131: Carraig Aille II 33 18 stone, 15 bo
Page 132 and 133: possible Roestown, Co Meath Non-cir
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 8.3: Location of sites with ev
Page 136 and 137: matting. Rush seeds were found in t
Page 138 and 139: (Lennon 1994, 59), Rathgurreen (Com
Page 140 and 141: Cherrywood Other Pin slag Collierst
Page 142 and 143: Significant evidence for metal-work
Page 144 and 145: Kilkenny 1 1 Longford 1 1 Ulster 13
Page 146 and 147: Dooey Other Pins bone working evide
Page 148 and 149: APPENDIX 2 Site Site type Preparati
Page 150 and 151: Marshes Upper Non-circular Y Y Y Mi
Page 152 and 153: Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalreg
Page 154 and 155: Brady, N. & Gibson, P. 2005. The Ea
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Chart, D.A. 1940. A Preliminary Sur
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- 1994. Atlantic fortifications: Th
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Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, F
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Doyle, T. 2008. Hair of the dog. Se
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- 2006b. Archaeological discoveries
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social transformation c. A.D. 500-1
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Papers from the Proceedings of the
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- 2010. Viking elements in Irish to
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- 1999. The Vikings in the Kingdom
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Lennon, A. M. & Henry, M. 2000. Pre
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McCarthy, A. 1986:29. Ballybunion,
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Since the Roman Period. London & Sy
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- 1988. Excavations at Lisleagh Rin
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NAC leaflet. 2011. Steeple Road, An
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Meath. Unpublished report prepared
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- 1951-2a. St. Gobnet’s House, Ba
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- 2005b. Medieval fish traps on the
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- 1953. Preliminary report on Excav
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- 1958. Two souterrains at Bawntaaf
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- 2007. Clonfad 3: A unique glimpse
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Historical Journal, 3, 165-86. Wadd
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- 1971. A Marshland Habitation Site
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Zajac, S. 2002:1382. Carrowkeel, Co
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