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Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co. Sligo Early Medieval Crannog. Grid Reference: M70059999 (170055/299996) SMR No: SL046-029 Excavation Licence: 97E0209 Excavation Duration/Year: 1996; 1997; 1998. Site Director: C. Fredengren (Lough Gara Crannogs Research Programme). Sroove crannog, Co. Sligo was a small, multi-phase crannog, situated on the western shore of Lough Gara, Co. Sligo. The crannog was originally located in very shallow water (presently exposed as a water meadow due to modern drainage), on top of an earlier stone causeway. There was also a Bronze Age crannog cairn out in the water, with a similar, probably early medieval crannog, situated directly to the north on the shoreline. The early medieval crannog at Sroove was 15m in diameter, by 1.2m in height. Prior to excavation, it appeared as a cairn of loosely-set angular stones, with some kerbstones and a circle of stones beside it. In Phase 1 there was stone-built causeway leading out into the lake, 18m in length. The causeway was built over blue lake clays, and a sandy surface produced by trampling lay on its upper surface. There were a few fragments of animal bone (cattle, pig and sheep) from its surface. Its date is unknown. Phase 2 was an early medieval wooden crannog with a stone causeway, palisade and house. The phase’s brushwood floor produced a radiocarbon date of A.D. 770-970. The site was enclosed within a circular palisade, measuring 17m in diameter, of double and single rows of ash-wood posts driven to a depth of 0.40m into the clay. There was a possible rectangular jetty at the north side of the crannog. After the construction of the palisade, an oval to rectangular house with rounded corners was built on the crannog’s surface. This house measured 6.5m by 8m internally, and was defined by closely-spaced posts and was protected by stones on the lake side. The house’s floor was a thick (0.20m) layer of hazel brushwood, intermixed with clay. The floor produced evidence for blackberries, raspberries and elder berries (suggesting a summer occupation) and grain (four types), although there was relatively little evidence for animal bone. There were 1511 pieces of bone (8.82% of site total), representing at least four cattle (two adults, two juveniles), four sheep/goat, three pig, one young horse, and one deer. There was a possible entrance (1m wide) at the southwest wall of the house, effectively hidden from view from the probable crannog entrance (at the causeway). A possible hearth was represented by a fire-reddened stone at the centre of the house. Outside the house, the space between it and the palisade was narrow. Finds from Phase 2 included a bone pin (found in stone packing at the house wall), a thumb-scraper of flint (a probable late Neolithic/early Bronze Age type) near a post and a black chert arrowhead found in floor clays. These objects were probably carried onto the site. Phase 3 was a stony-surfaced crannog, with radiocarbon dates from A.D. 600-900. The crannog surface was rebuilt with a floor of flagstones and smaller boulders, in two/three layers, with an outer deck of timbers laid around the edges of the site. Although there was no clear structural evidence for a house, palaeoecological and other studies suggest that there was a house on this floor. The hearth was re-used, suggesting a strong symbolic link with the previous phase’s house. The palisade may have been pulled up towards the end of this phase. There were also large amounts of animal bone found, particularly in front of the door of the house and to the left towards the lake. This comprised a major proportion of the site’s bone assemblage (56%), representing the remains of at least sixteen cattle, twelve pig, eight sheep, six horse, one deer, one wild duck, and one hare. Finds from inside the house in this phase are more representative of personal possessions, including a lignite bracelet, a comb fragment from near the fireplace, bone beads, as well as iron nails and a bone pin towards the back of the house. There was also a small bone needle and knife found at the back of the house. There were also finds from outside the house, including iron nails, the head of a ringed pin and bronze studs from a leather strap. 632
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony platform devoted to iron working, with radiocarbon dates between A.D. 600 and A.D. 900. The site had a uniform floor of stone and bone, and was covered with small, shattered and fire-cracked stones (0.10m thick). The stones were mixed with animal bones, suggesting that this was a deliberate floor deposit. There was no house on the platform, which was probably open to the air. There was no palisade, suggesting a decreasing role of the island’s boundary. There was a bowl-shaped depression in the southwest corner of the crannog, possibly in origins a furnace for iron-working, set in a floor of fire-cracked stones. There was some iron slag in this area, although there were not large amounts. A heavy stone may have been used as an anvil. There were deposits of animal bone all over the site (comprising 30% of the site assemblage), with large amounts comprising a floor at the eastern edge of the crannog. The bone was frequently fragmented, suggesting that it had been walked into the crannog’s surface. The Phase 4 burned and unburnt bone included at least 20 cattle, nine pig, seven sheep, four horse, one deer and one dog. Finds from across the site included an antler ring, smooth white stones (possibly used in crafts), a tracked stone (for sharpening pins) and a lignite bracelet in the sand. Phase 5 was the final phase of occupation in the early Middle Ages, probably no later than A.D. 1000. A stone cairn was constructed across the site, with angular stones and boulders laid on it, with a mid-cairn on the lakeward site. It is possible that it had a superstructure of planks or that it was unfinished. Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer, MGL Baillie, E Bard, A Bayliss, JW Beck, C Bertrand, PG Blackwell, CE Buck, G Burr, KB Cutler, PE Damon, RL Edwards, RG Fairbanks, M Friedrich, TP Guilderson, KA Hughen, B Kromer, FG McCormac, S Manning, C Bronk Ramsey, RW Reimer, S Remmele, JR Southon, M Stuiver, S Talamo, FW Taylor, J van der Plicht, and CE Weyhenmeyer (2004), Radiocarbon 46:1029-1058). Sample No. Context 14 C Date Cal. 2 Σ N/A N/A N/A A.D. 770-970. N/A N/A N/A A.D. 600-900. N/A N/A N/A A.D. 600-900. References: Fredengren, C. 1998. Lough Gara through time. Archaeology Ireland, 12(1), 31–3. Fredengren, C. 2001. Poor people’s crannogs. Archaeology Ireland, 15(4), 24–5. Fredengren, C. 2002. Crannogs: A study of people’s interaction with lakes, with particular reference to Lough Gara in the north-west of Ireland, 223–46. Bray. Wordwell. 633
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
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List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 57 and 58:
Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
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Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare The main and only major occup
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
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Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
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Cork Structure III was a small buil
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Cork to the southern flat area of t
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Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
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Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
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Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
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Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or
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Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
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Cork low-lying marshy location of S
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Cork replaced part of the waterfron
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Cork property boundaries were align
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Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
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Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
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Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
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Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
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Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
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Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
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Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
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Cork charred oat grains and one cha
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Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
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Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
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Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
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Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
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Cork It appears that the three sout
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Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
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Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
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Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
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Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry nineteenth century and it is
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Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
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Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
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Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
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Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
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Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
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Kerry stones in the southeast and s
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Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
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Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
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Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
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Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
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Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
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Kilkenny A series of linear feature
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Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
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Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
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Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
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Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
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Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
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Limerick backfilled deposit. The me
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
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Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick Finds from these houses an
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Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
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Limerick corner of the excavated ar
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Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the
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Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
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Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
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Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
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Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
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Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Two burials were uncovered
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Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
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Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
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Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
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Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
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Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
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Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
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Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
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Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Balriggan was a large multi-p
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Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
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Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
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Louth through the ditch showed that
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
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Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath was the burial of a horse’s
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
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Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath fragment and frequent flint i
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Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
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Meath Fifty two burials were reveal
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Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
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Meath Period II occupation probably
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Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
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Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
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Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
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Meath populated with good grazing l
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath graves and were oriented slig
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Meath Immediately to the west was a
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Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
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Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
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Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath Raystown included evidence of
Page 603 and 604: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 605 and 606: Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
Page 607 and 608: Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
Page 609 and 610: Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 611 and 612: Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 613 and 614: Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
Page 615 and 616: Monaghan north-east of the inner en
Page 617 and 618: Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620: Offaly The early medieval crannog a
Page 621 and 622: Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 623 and 624: Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 625 and 626: Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
Page 627 and 628: Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
Page 629 and 630: Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
Page 631 and 632: Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 633 and 634: Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
Page 635 and 636: Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
Page 637 and 638: Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
Page 639 and 640: Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
Page 641 and 642: Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
Page 643 and 644: Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 645 and 646: Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
Page 647 and 648: Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
Page 649 and 650: Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 651 and 652: Sligo Period III, a large mound of
Page 653: Sligo (No plans were available for
Page 657 and 658: Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
Page 659 and 660: Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
Page 661 and 662: Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
Page 663 and 664: Tipperary cemetery appears to have
Page 665 and 666: Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
Page 667 and 668: Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
Page 669 and 670: Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
Page 671 and 672: Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
Page 673 and 674: Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
Page 675 and 676: Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
Page 677 and 678: Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
Page 679 and 680: Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
Page 681 and 682: Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
Page 683 and 684: Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
Page 685 and 686: Waterford The cave was inhabited so
Page 687 and 688: Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690: Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 691 and 692: Waterford The final phase of activi
Page 693 and 694: Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
Page 695 and 696: Waterford There are a growing numbe
Page 697 and 698: Waterford reinforced by the additio
Page 699 and 700: Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
Page 701 and 702: Waterford Layers of dumped organic
Page 703 and 704: Waterford At least fourteen plots w
Page 705 and 706:
Waterford Street and High Street is
Page 707 and 708:
Waterford excavated evidence was co
Page 709 and 710:
Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
Page 717 and 718:
Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
Page 719 and 720:
Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
Page 721 and 722:
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
Page 723 and 724:
Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
Page 727 and 728:
Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
Page 735 and 736:
Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
Page 739 and 740:
Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
Page 741 and 742:
Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
Page 743 and 744:
Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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