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Meath Ratoath, Co. Meath Early Medieval Settlement-Cemetery Grid reference: O01355215 (30135/25215) SMR No: N/A Excavation Licence No: 03E1300; 03E1632; 03E1781; 04E0218 Excavation duration: October 2003 – July 2004 Site director: A. Wallace, G. Dehaene (Arch-Tech Ltd.) Excavation in advance of a large-scale residential development on the western fringe of Ratoath village revealed a large multi-period enclosed settlement, burial, agricultural and industrial complex (Fig. 261). Prehistoric activity consisted of a late Bronze Age ringditch and an Iron Age ringditch and cereal-drying kilns. A settlement-cemetery enclosure and associated agricultural and industrial features succeeded these during the early middle-ages while later medieval activity was also identified. The site was situated on the plateau of an east-west ridge on rich agricultural land. The enclosure measured 40m in internal diameter and its ditch had an average width of 2.77m and was 1.22m deep. Finds from the ditch fill included animal bone, a penannular brooch and an iron blade. The primary fill returned a date of A.D. 547-655 while an upper fill was dated to A.D. 647-778 (see below for radiocarbon dates). The cemetery, only partially excavated, was located in the south-east section of the enclosure. Forty nine burials were identified and a small quantity of disarticulated human bone was also present. The graveyard contained 32 adults, 13 juveniles, three infants and five deposits of disarticulated human remains. The majority were aligned west-east in simple unlined graves. Burials that deviated from this included a crouched adult lying on its left side (Burial 12; A.D. 426-600) and an adult with its legs tightly flexed on top of the stomach area (Burial 34; A.D. 569-671). Some extended burials were interred with grave-goods including a young female with a copper-alloy neck-ring (Burial 38; A.D. 668-832), an adult with an iron strap end (Burial 35), a juvenile with an iron needle and two pieces of slag (Burial 48) and an adult – with evidence for ante-mortem injuries to the skull – with an iron knife and a small iron fragment (Burial 46). The neck-ring is similar to an example found from a cemetery at Bergh Apton in Norfolk (O’Brien forthcoming). This suggests possible Anglo-Saxon contacts and cultural influences in Ratoath. Some of the burials (for example Burial 12) potentially predate the enclosure and this is in keeping with the evidence from many settlement-cemeteries whose origins lie in the Iron Age. A complex series of ditches, gullies and pits were identified within the enclosure which spanned the fourth to tenth centuries. No coherent plan for any domestic structures was identified but some of the gullies and slot trenches undoubtedly supported timber buildings. A series of curving gullies were identified in the south-west, north-west and north-east areas of the enclosure and may relate to each other. They possibly formed an enclosure – approximately 22m in diameter – but truncation, evidence for successive phases of rebuilding and limited excavation of the interior meant identifying relationships between the features was problematic. Some of the gullies pre-dated the enclosure construction while others were contemporary. A substantial east-west slot-trench returned a radiocarbon date of A.D. 809-989 which was chronologically later than a date taken from the upper fill of the enclosure ditch. Another gully, which formed part of a boundary to the cemetery on its western side, was dated to A.D. 685-892. The relationship between the interior features is difficult to assess. Although no hearths were identified, some oval-shaped pits, areas of scorching and finds from the enclosure ditches and gullies, such as large quantities of animal bone, suggest settlement activity. A number of unstratified finds were also discovered and are representative of habitation including complete and fragmented bone tools that were largely associated with weaving, a spindle whorl, lignite bracelet fragments, a blue glass bead, a fragment of an amber bead, two bone comb fragments, rubbing stones and many 572
Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal. A sherd of E ware was found in the enclosure area and suggests a network of trade and exchange between high-status sites in Brega and possibly further-a-field. A potential outer enclosure ditch approximately 14m west of the settlement-cemetery enclosure was detected. It followed the same curvature for a length of 28.4m and was 3.4m in width and up to 1.4m in depth. Iron slag was retrieved from one of its four fills. A large U- shaped shallow pit which contained animal bone was located between the inner and outer enclosure ditches. A number of linear ditches and cereal-drying kilns were representative of agricultural activity at Ratoath to the east of the enclosure. The former produced few artefacts but substantial quantities of animal bone were present. The ditches formed roughly rectangular enclosures and were dated between the fifth and eighth centuries. Several variously-shaped cerealdrying kilns were also identified to the east of the enclosure and they produced large quantities of cereal grains. A large example with a baffle stone was dated to A.D. 860-1018 while a teardrop-shaped and a figure-of-eight-shaped kiln both produced Iron Age dates. Metallurgical activity – mostly ironworking – was evident in a number of areas surrounding the settlement-cemetery. A large volume of iron smithing slag was recovered from the fills of two L-shaped ditches immediately to the north of the enclosure. A substantial ditch, which extended from the south-east side of enclosure, produced a large quantity of iron smithing slag. A portion of a lignite bracelet was also uncovered in the ditch fill. Two dates from the ditch fills ranged from A.D. 427-608 to A.D. 637-772. This larger ditch formed an annexe with two other smaller ditches which enclosed a large charcoal spread, a small keyhole-shaped kiln (dated to A.D. 431-600). Iron smithing slag was again recovered in large quantities from this area. It appears that smithing was undertaken at specific areas outside the enclosure while an absence of iron smelting slag suggests this occurred further away from the site and probably nearer to where raw materials such as bog ore was sourced. Non-ferrous metalworking potentially occurred immediately to the west of the enclosure. Several small features, which were badly truncated by modern farm work, produced a lead ingot and a crucible sherd. Ratoath was a multi-period site which developed from a prehistoric burial place into a much larger early medieval settlement, agricultural and industrial centre. Many phases were identified within the enclosure and its neighbouring field systems and cereal-drying kilns. Therefore, its inhabitants were involved in a range of farming and industrial activities across many centuries in tandem with the site’s use as both a dwelling place and a place for burying the dead. 573
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
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List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Page 45 and 46:
Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 57 and 58:
Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
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Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare The main and only major occup
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
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Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
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Cork Structure III was a small buil
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Cork to the southern flat area of t
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Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
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Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
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Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
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Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or
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Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
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Cork low-lying marshy location of S
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Cork replaced part of the waterfron
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Cork property boundaries were align
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Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
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Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
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Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
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Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
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Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
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Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
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Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
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Cork charred oat grains and one cha
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Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
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Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
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Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
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Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
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Cork It appears that the three sout
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Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
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Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
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Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
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Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry nineteenth century and it is
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Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
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Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
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Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
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Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
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Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
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Kerry stones in the southeast and s
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Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
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Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
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Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
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Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
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Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
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Kilkenny A series of linear feature
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Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
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Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
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Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
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Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
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Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
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Limerick backfilled deposit. The me
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
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Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick Finds from these houses an
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Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
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Limerick corner of the excavated ar
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Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the
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Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
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Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
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Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
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Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
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Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Two burials were uncovered
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Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
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Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
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Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
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Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
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Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
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Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
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Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
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Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Balriggan was a large multi-p
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Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
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Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
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Louth through the ditch showed that
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
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Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath was the burial of a horse’s
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 543 and 544: Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
Page 545 and 546: Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 547 and 548: Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 549 and 550: Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
Page 551 and 552: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 553 and 554: Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
Page 555 and 556: Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
Page 557 and 558: Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 559 and 560: Meath fragment and frequent flint i
Page 561 and 562: Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
Page 565 and 566: Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 569 and 570: Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
Page 571 and 572: Meath Fifty two burials were reveal
Page 573 and 574: Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
Page 577 and 578: Meath Period II occupation probably
Page 579 and 580: Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
Page 581 and 582: Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
Page 583 and 584: Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
Page 585 and 586: Meath populated with good grazing l
Page 587 and 588: Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 589 and 590: Meath graves and were oriented slig
Page 591 and 592: Meath Immediately to the west was a
Page 593: Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
Page 597 and 598: Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 599 and 600: Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 601 and 602: Meath Raystown included evidence of
Page 605 and 606: Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
Page 607 and 608: Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
Page 609 and 610: Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 611 and 612: Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 613 and 614: Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
Page 615 and 616: Monaghan north-east of the inner en
Page 617 and 618: Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620: Offaly The early medieval crannog a
Page 621 and 622: Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 623 and 624: Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 625 and 626: Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
Page 627 and 628: Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
Page 629 and 630: Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
Page 631 and 632: Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 633 and 634: Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
Page 635 and 636: Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
Page 637 and 638: Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
Page 639 and 640: Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
Page 641 and 642: Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
Page 643 and 644: Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 645 and 646:
Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
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Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
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Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Sligo Period III, a large mound of
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Sligo (No plans were available for
Page 655 and 656:
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony pla
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Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
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Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
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Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
Page 663 and 664:
Tipperary cemetery appears to have
Page 665 and 666:
Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
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Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
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Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
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Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
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Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
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Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
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Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
Page 679 and 680:
Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
Page 681 and 682:
Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
Page 683 and 684:
Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
Page 685 and 686:
Waterford The cave was inhabited so
Page 687 and 688:
Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Waterford The final phase of activi
Page 693 and 694:
Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
Page 695 and 696:
Waterford There are a growing numbe
Page 697 and 698:
Waterford reinforced by the additio
Page 699 and 700:
Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
Page 701 and 702:
Waterford Layers of dumped organic
Page 703 and 704:
Waterford At least fourteen plots w
Page 705 and 706:
Waterford Street and High Street is
Page 707 and 708:
Waterford excavated evidence was co
Page 709 and 710:
Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
Page 717 and 718:
Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
Page 719 and 720:
Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
Page 721 and 722:
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
Page 727 and 728:
Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
Page 735 and 736:
Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
Page 739 and 740:
Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
Page 741 and 742:
Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
Page 743 and 744:
Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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