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Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Early Medieval Settlement-Cemetery Grid reference: N99847387 (29984/27387) SMR No: ME019-069 Excavation Licence No: N/A Excavation Duration/Year: 2002 - 2004 Site director: G. Stout (Research) Research excavations at Knowth Site M revealed a settlement-cemetery – enclosed by two sub-circular ditches – dating between the sixth and tenth centuries. A third, undated, outer enclosure was constructed potentially after the tenth century. Settlement evidence was revealed by a platform between the inner and second enclosure ditches and a range of artefacts, animal bone and cereal remains that were retrieved from the ditch fills. Agricultural evidence was also detected within the enclosures. Prehistoric activity was attested to by the presence of large quantities of un-stratified lithics. The site is situated in marshland and is drained by a stream linked to the River Mattock. It is located immediately northeast and down slope from the multi-period burial and settlement site at Knowth in the Boyne river valley. The earliest phase at Knowth Site M consisted of a series of undated linear trenches and five pits some of which were cut by the later settlement-cemetery. The settlement/cemetery was enclosed by two sub-circular ditches (Fig. 255). The inner enclosure defined an area measuring 48m northwest/southeast by 40m. It was slightly raised and therefore represented the driest part of the site. The ditch was excavated in five locations and contained similar fills. Animal bone was present throughout and processed cereal grains were abundant. Charcoal was also present in many of the ditch fills. Artefacts included part of a polished stone axe, a flint side and end scraper, iron slag and a fragment of an undecorated bone comb. A blue glass bead and a fragment of a gilt Anglo-Saxon mount were discovered in topsoil above the ditch. Bone and charcoal from the inner enclosure ditch produced a date between the late sixth and mid seventh century (see below for radiocarbon dates). Evidence for an internal bank was present in two cuttings. The inner enclosure ditch may have been further delimited by a wall and two associated external trenches. The wall, surviving to a height of three courses, followed the edges of two trenches. Charcoal and large amounts of charred cereal grains were present in one of the trenches. A flint scraper was also discovered in its ditch fill. A date of A.D. 767-896 indicates that it fell into disuse at some point during this time. The second trench was cut by the above example. It produced a flint and an iron nail. A highly decorated Hiberno-Scandinavian bronze strap end with interlaced decoration on both sides was located in a layer below the subsoil and overlying the initial trench. A final trench, located to the west of the first trench and which contained similar fills, produced iron knife fragments. A date of A.D. 877-998 was obtained from its upper fill. The second enclosure was oval in plan and concentric with the inner enclosure. Evidence for an internal bank was also present in certain places. It had an external diameter of 74m by 62.5m. The ditch was situated between 9m and 10m outside the inner enclosing ditch. Charcoal from its primary fill produced a date of A.D. 662-780. Animal bone was present throughout and there was evidence that the ditch had been re-cut. The only find was an iron disc. The outer enclosure was eccentric to the two inner enclosures and consisted of two banks with an intervening ditch. It measured 110m in diameter and both banks were over 5m wide. Although this enclosure has not been dated it is believed to post-date the two inner enclosures. 548
Meath Fifty two burials were revealed in the central and southern areas of the inner and second enclosures. The majority in the central area were extended in simple unlined graves and aligned west-east. Two of the graves may have been covered with stone slabs. Finds associated with these burials were limited and included a stone ball, a flint flake and fragments of two iron nails. Soil surrounding the two graves where stone slabs were present produced a sherd of E ware. Charcoal has dated two of the graves to A.D. 597-673 and A.D. 856-989 which suggests that the cemetery was in use from at least the sixth to tenth centuries. Ten badly damaged slab-lined graves were located at the south-eastern section of the inner enclosure and some extended into the second enclosure. As with the burials above, they were extended and aligned west-east. One of the graves utilised a fragment of a stone slab featuring megalithic art. A bronze baluster-headed ring-headed pin was found in the topsoil above this section of the cemetery. A potential trapezoidal structure was located at the western section of the inner enclosure. It was defined by four roughly circular pits. One of the pits appears to have been a post-pipe and was surrounded by packing clay and a large charcoal rich layer. The eastern wall of the post-hole sloped gradually suggesting either that the post was erected at an angle or that it was used as a structural support. Charcoal and cereal grains were present in its fill and the former produced a date of A.D. 561-652. Habitation evidence was evident in the south-eastern area between the inner and second enclosing ditches. Excavation revealed a platform defined by a curving trench and some pits. Artefacts within the soft dark clay that overlay the platform included a toggle-like object made from a sperm whale’s tooth, worked horn and a small worked bone fragment. Agricultural activity within the enclosures was represented by plough-marked stones, cultivation furrows, trenches and ditches. Radiocarbon date from two of the trenches – one of which contained a spindle whorl and the other charred seeds – demonstrates that farming occurred at Knowth Site M between the mid-sixth and late-ninth centuries. Fig. 255: Excavated areas at Knowth ‘M’, Co. Meath (after Stout & Stout 2008, 8). 549
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
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List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
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Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare The main and only major occup
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
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Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
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Cork Structure III was a small buil
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Cork to the southern flat area of t
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Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
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Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
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Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
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Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or
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Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
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Cork low-lying marshy location of S
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Cork replaced part of the waterfron
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Cork property boundaries were align
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Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
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Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
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Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
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Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
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Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
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Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
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Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
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Cork charred oat grains and one cha
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Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
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Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
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Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
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Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
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Cork It appears that the three sout
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Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
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Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
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Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
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Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry nineteenth century and it is
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Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
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Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
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Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
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Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
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Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
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Kerry stones in the southeast and s
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Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
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Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
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Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
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Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
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Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
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Kilkenny A series of linear feature
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Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
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Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
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Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
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Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
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Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
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Limerick backfilled deposit. The me
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
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Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick Finds from these houses an
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Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
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Limerick corner of the excavated ar
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Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the
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Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
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Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
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Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
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Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
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Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Two burials were uncovered
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Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
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Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
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Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
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Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
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Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
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Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
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Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
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Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Balriggan was a large multi-p
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Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
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Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
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Louth through the ditch showed that
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 519 and 520: Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 521 and 522: Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
Page 523 and 524: Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
Page 525 and 526: Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 527 and 528: Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
Page 529 and 530: Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
Page 531 and 532: Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 533 and 534: Meath was the burial of a horse’s
Page 535 and 536: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 537 and 538: Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 539 and 540: Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 541 and 542: Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 543 and 544: Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
Page 545 and 546: Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 547 and 548: Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 549 and 550: Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
Page 553 and 554: Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
Page 555 and 556: Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
Page 557 and 558: Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 559 and 560: Meath fragment and frequent flint i
Page 561 and 562: Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
Page 565 and 566: Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 569: Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
Page 573 and 574: Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
Page 577 and 578: Meath Period II occupation probably
Page 579 and 580: Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
Page 581 and 582: Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
Page 583 and 584: Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
Page 585 and 586: Meath populated with good grazing l
Page 587 and 588: Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 589 and 590: Meath graves and were oriented slig
Page 591 and 592: Meath Immediately to the west was a
Page 593 and 594: Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
Page 595 and 596: Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal
Page 597 and 598: Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 599 and 600: Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 601 and 602: Meath Raystown included evidence of
Page 605 and 606: Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
Page 607 and 608: Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
Page 609 and 610: Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 611 and 612: Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 613 and 614: Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
Page 615 and 616: Monaghan north-east of the inner en
Page 617 and 618: Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620: Offaly The early medieval crannog a
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Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
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Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
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Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
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Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
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Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
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Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
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Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
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Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
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Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
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Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Sligo Period III, a large mound of
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Sligo (No plans were available for
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Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony pla
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Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
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Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
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Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
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Tipperary cemetery appears to have
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Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
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Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
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Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
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Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
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Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
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Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
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Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
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Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
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Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
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Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
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Waterford The cave was inhabited so
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Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690:
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Waterford The final phase of activi
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Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
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Waterford There are a growing numbe
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Waterford reinforced by the additio
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Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
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Waterford Layers of dumped organic
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Waterford At least fourteen plots w
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Waterford Street and High Street is
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Waterford excavated evidence was co
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Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
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Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
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Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
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Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
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Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
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Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
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Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
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Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
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Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
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Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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