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Louth but this may relate to poor bone survival. The cemetery originally consisted of organised and structured graves, which were later disturbed by more randomly placed burials. The north-eastern area within Enclosure A was used for industrial activities. This consisted of six large pits, some with related postholes, which were sealed by an extensive spread of dark ash that contained souterrain ware and metallurgical waste. One of the pits, which also contained souterrain ware, was dated to A.D. 430-650. An iron punch, potentially used for metalworking, was also recovered from the spread of industrial debris. The absence of furnaces and iron slag in large quantities suggests that secondary forging rather than smelting activities occurred in this area of the enclosure. This is unsurprising given that the latter would be too dangerous to undertake in the confines of a settlement enclosure whereas it was common for many early medieval farmers to repair and produce domestic and agricultural implements in proximity to their dwellings. An outer ditch (Enclosure B) was identified approximately 19m west of the inner enclosure and it probably terminated at a former area of wetland to the north. The ditch appears to have silted naturally and few finds were retrieved from its fill including one sherd of souterrain ware. The remains of a small animal, possibly a dog, were revealed in the basal layer although it may be from a re-deposited trample layer related to post medieval activity. However, early medieval-dated dogs have been identified within ditches and pits at Roestown 2 (O’Hara 2009) and Lismullin 1 (O’Connell 2009) respectively, both in County Meath, and the animal at Balriggan may date to this period. A small pit, containing metallurgical waste, was also identified within the ditch fill. A number of features were identified within the area between the inner and outer enclosing ditches. These included the parallel-ditched entrance way (above), a D-shaped enclosure, a roughly square-shaped enclosure and possible gardens or plots. The first two may represent small animal enclosures or pens while the latter were possibly utilised for the growing of crops and vegetables. Artefacts from the ditches were limited to sherds of souterrain ware and a lignite bracelet. A large oval enclosure (Enclosure C) was situated to the west of Enclosures A and B. It measured 45m by 58m and had an entrance on its western side. The internal area was devoid of archaeological features and no artefacts are recorded from its ditch fills. Its position meant that it was visible to the occupants of the settlement-cemetery and, if contemporary, probably functioned as a livestock enclosure. A ‘figure-of-eight’-shaped cereal-drying kiln was located to the south of the enclosure and was dated to A.D. 60-250. This may date to the earliest activity on the site, and possibly the creation of the cemetery, where many similar settlement-cemetery sites originated as burial grounds in the late Iron Age. Further evidence for metalworking was present in the form of charcoal-production kilns to the west of Enclosure C and an industrial area, including a smelting furnace, to the north of Enclosure A. Both areas were safely away from the settlement core and represented primary activities related to the production of iron before secondary smithing could be undertaken. Artefacts indicative of settlement and industry were identified at Balriggan. Dress items were not abundant and included two bronze ringed pin shafts, two lignite bracelet fragments, four blue glass beads, a red glass bead and a bone or ivory flat bead. Functional items were more numerous and consisted of quern-stone fragments, nearly 500 souterrain ware sherds, representing a minimum of 87 vessels, spindle whorls, loom weights and a stone punch or awl. Artefacts related to industry included stone tools such as hammers, pounders, hone stones and polishing stones. A large number of lithics were also identified and many were probably produced and utilised during the settlement of the site as knives, sharpeners and strike-alights. A crucible fragment was found in association with the northern industrial area. 460
Louth Balriggan was a large multi-phase settlement-cemetery, agricultural and industrial complex that probably originated during the late Iron Age and was utilised until potentially the tenth century based on the presence of souterrain ware. Burial and agricultural activities were probably the precursors for the expansion of the site into a larger settlement with associated fields and enclosures. Fig. 220: Plan of enclosures at Balriggan, Co. Louth (after Delaney 2010). References: Bayley, D. 2003:1286. Newtownbalregan, Co. Louth. www.excavations.ie. Bowen, P. 2008 Settlement and burial at Faughart Lower. Seanda 3, 9–11. Dublin. National Roads Authority. Delaney, S. 2003:1272. Carn More, Faughart, Co. Louth. www.excavations.ie. Delaney, S. 2010 An early medieval landscape at Balriggan, Co. Louth, in C. Corlett and M. Potterton (eds.) Death and Burial in Early Medieval Ireland, in Light of Recent Archaeological Excavations, 116–29. Dublin. Wordwell. Hayes, A. 2006 Archaeological investigation of a souterrain at Tateetra, Dundalk, Co. Louth, in J. O’Sullivan and M. Stanley (eds.) Settlement, Industry and Ritual, National Roads Authority Monograph Series 3, 53–62. Dublin. National Roads Authority. Wordwell. O’Connell, A. 2009. Director’s first findings from excavations at Lismullin 1, in M. Deevy & D. Murphy (eds.) Places along the way: first findings on the M3, 21–42. National Roads Authority Scheme Monograph Series 5. Dublin. National Roads Authority/Wordwell. 461
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
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List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Page 45 and 46:
Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
Page 47 and 48:
Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 57 and 58:
Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 67 and 68:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
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Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare The main and only major occup
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
Page 133 and 134:
Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
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Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
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Cork Structure III was a small buil
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Cork to the southern flat area of t
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Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
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Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
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Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
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Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or
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Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
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Cork low-lying marshy location of S
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Cork replaced part of the waterfron
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Cork property boundaries were align
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Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
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Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
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Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
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Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
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Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
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Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
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Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
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Cork charred oat grains and one cha
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Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
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Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
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Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
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Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
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Cork It appears that the three sout
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Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
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Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
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Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
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Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry nineteenth century and it is
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Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
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Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
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Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
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Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
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Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
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Kerry stones in the southeast and s
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Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
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Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
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Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
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Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
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Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
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Kilkenny A series of linear feature
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Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
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Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
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Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
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Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
Page 431 and 432: Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
Page 433 and 434: Limerick backfilled deposit. The me
Page 435 and 436: Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
Page 437 and 438: Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
Page 439 and 440: Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
Page 441 and 442: Limerick Finds from these houses an
Page 443 and 444: Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
Page 445 and 446: Limerick corner of the excavated ar
Page 447 and 448: Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the
Page 449 and 450: Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
Page 451 and 452: Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
Page 453 and 454: Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
Page 455 and 456: Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
Page 457 and 458: Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
Page 459 and 460: Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 461 and 462: Limerick Two burials were uncovered
Page 463 and 464: Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
Page 465 and 466: Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
Page 467 and 468: Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
Page 469 and 470: Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
Page 471 and 472: Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
Page 473 and 474: Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 475 and 476: Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
Page 477 and 478: Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
Page 479 and 480: Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
Page 481: Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
Page 485 and 486: Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
Page 487 and 488: Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
Page 489 and 490: Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
Page 491 and 492: Louth through the ditch showed that
Page 493 and 494: Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 495 and 496: Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
Page 497 and 498: Louth Archaeological investigations
Page 499 and 500: Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 501 and 502: Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 503 and 504: Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
Page 505 and 506: Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 507 and 508: Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
Page 509 and 510: Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
Page 511 and 512: Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 513 and 514: Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 515 and 516: Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 517 and 518: Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 519 and 520: Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 521 and 522: Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
Page 523 and 524: Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
Page 525 and 526: Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 527 and 528: Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
Page 529 and 530: Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
Page 531 and 532: Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 533 and 534:
Meath was the burial of a horse’s
Page 535 and 536:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 537 and 538:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 541 and 542:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 549 and 550:
Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
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Page 553 and 554:
Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath fragment and frequent flint i
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Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
Page 563 and 564:
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Page 569 and 570:
Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
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Meath Fifty two burials were reveal
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Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
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Page 577 and 578:
Meath Period II occupation probably
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Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
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Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
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Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
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Meath populated with good grazing l
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath graves and were oriented slig
Page 591 and 592:
Meath Immediately to the west was a
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Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
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Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 599 and 600:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath Raystown included evidence of
Page 603 and 604:
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Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
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Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
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Monaghan north-east of the inner en
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Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620:
Offaly The early medieval crannog a
Page 621 and 622:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 625 and 626:
Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
Page 627 and 628:
Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
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Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
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Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
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Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
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Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
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Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
Page 643 and 644:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 645 and 646:
Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
Page 647 and 648:
Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
Page 649 and 650:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 651 and 652:
Sligo Period III, a large mound of
Page 653 and 654:
Sligo (No plans were available for
Page 655 and 656:
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony pla
Page 657 and 658:
Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
Page 659 and 660:
Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
Page 661 and 662:
Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
Page 663 and 664:
Tipperary cemetery appears to have
Page 665 and 666:
Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
Page 667 and 668:
Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
Page 669 and 670:
Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
Page 671 and 672:
Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
Page 673 and 674:
Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
Page 675 and 676:
Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
Page 677 and 678:
Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
Page 679 and 680:
Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
Page 681 and 682:
Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
Page 683 and 684:
Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
Page 685 and 686:
Waterford The cave was inhabited so
Page 687 and 688:
Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Waterford The final phase of activi
Page 693 and 694:
Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
Page 695 and 696:
Waterford There are a growing numbe
Page 697 and 698:
Waterford reinforced by the additio
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Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
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Waterford Layers of dumped organic
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Waterford At least fourteen plots w
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Waterford Street and High Street is
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Waterford excavated evidence was co
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Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
Page 717 and 718:
Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
Page 719 and 720:
Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
Page 721 and 722:
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
Page 727 and 728:
Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
Page 735 and 736:
Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
Page 739 and 740:
Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
Page 741 and 742:
Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
Page 743 and 744:
Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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