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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early Medieval Enclosure Complex. Grid Ref: R69802580 (169800/125800) SMR No: LI048-034--- Excavation Licence: E000010 Excavation Duration/year: August-October 1934; July-September 1935 Site Director: S.P. Ó Ríordáin (University College Cork) A significant early medieval landscape containing a large number of settlement enclosures, with internal occupation evidence, structures and souterrains, together with a complex pattern of rectangular field systems was excavated at Cush. The research excavations were undertaken between August-October 1934 and July-September 1935 and were financed under a state scheme for the relief of employment. The site (210-240m OD) was situated on the border of good agricultural land along the foothills of a northward extension of the Ballyhoura Hills (Slieve Reagh), commanding considerable views across the Limerick plain to the north. The site consisted of a southern group of enclosures, a northern group of enclosures, the western field, the related field systems and three prehistoric tumuli. The greater part of the interior of the enclosures was excavated as well as various sections through their ramparts and entrances. Also excavated were the three tumuli, various portions of the rectangular ‘enclosure’, a small area of the ‘western field’ and trial-trenches along the field boundaries. The enclosures generally produced relatively thin occupation deposits and this lack of stratigraphy hindered any detailed reconstruction of the sequence of and relationship between the various different internal features and structures- buildings and souterrains. Considerable evidence for Bronze Age burial activity was uncovered and comprised five cremation urn burials within the northwest sector of Cush 5 in the southern group, Tumulus I (to the south of Cush 7), and a small cist burial with two food vessels, just inside a section of the modern field fence dividing the ‘western field’ from that containing the tumuli. Ó Riordáin claimed that the burials inside Enclosure 5 were later than the occupation of the enclosure though the stratigraphic evidence to substantiate such a claim is neither completely clear nor detailed. Most recent commentators (e.g. Edwards 1996, 17) now believe that the enclosure is early medieval and was simply built in an area of prehistoric burial activity. Tumulus I revealed a primary long cist burial (1.9m by 0.6m internally) with a food vessel type pot beneath its original ground level. A kerbed mound (0.9m high and 11m in maximum diameter) was erected over this burial. Following this, an encrusted urn was placed near the centre of the mound and a ditch dug around the site. The mound was covered with a paving of small stones after the ditches had silted up, on which at least one cremated burial was placed. Iron Age burial activity was uncovered at the sites of Tumulus II and possibly Tumulus III. These bowl barrows each measured about 1.8m high and 13.7m and 16.46m respectively in diameter with enclosing ditch. Spreads of charcoal mixed with fragments of cremated bone were uncovered on the old ground surface of tumulus II and was interpreted by the excavator as the site of a cremation fire. A small pit was found in one of the spreads filled with cremated bone and charcoal and contained near its top a small bone plaque with early Iron Age La Tène decoration (O’Kelly, 1989, 329-330). Tumulus II revealed a scatter of cremated bone on the old ground surface where a possible cremation pyre had been lit and over which the mound had been built. The early medieval activity comprised ten excavated ‘ringfort’ type enclosures, an adjoining rectangular ‘enclosure’ and a system of field boundaries. The southern group of enclosures cover three acres and consist of a six conjoined enclosures (1-6) associated with a subrectangular area ‘the enclosure’ delimited by a ditch and bank to the west (Fig. 206). The excavations revealed that Cush 2, 3 and 4 were roughly contemporary but were preceded by Cush 1, while Cush 5 was built at a later stage, followed finally by Cush 6. The site known as 424
Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the latest feature and was erected after all the other enclosures and a number of the field systems were built. Cush 1 consists of a counterscarp enclosure on the northwest side of the southern group with a diameter of 17.7m internally and 39.6m externally. The ditch of the surrounding enclosure was continuous and access to the fort may have been by means of a wooden gangway defined on the western perimeter by two pairs of flanking postholes and an internal causeway. Numerous postholes were uncovered and these divided into two main groups, mainly in the southeast and the northwest of the interior. No definite plan of any structure was identified though a group of postholes in the southeast had a roughly semi-circular outline. Three hearths were uncovered - two associated with the northwest cluster of postholes, and one with the southeast. A silted-up stone-lined souterrain- 8.2m long- was found in the southwest of the interior. Finds from the enclosure included a possible flint scraper and one loom weight. One particular quernstone also appears to have been possibly re-used as a pivot stone for the structure in the southeast. Cush 2 consists of a counterscarp enclosure at the northern side of the southern group. The remains of a small timber and clay house- defined by two postholes and an irregular setting of stones in a clay bank- were located just inside and on the south side of the western entrance. A stone-lined hearth was located in the centre of the site and was associated with a small number of burnt bones, and many postholes (presumably representing a structure or a sequence of structures, the form of which could not be identified). Two shallow storage pits and a souterrain- 4.3m long- were also uncovered in the centre of the interior. Finds from the site included a greenish-yellow glass bead and part of a blade of an iron sickle. Cush 3 consists of a bivallate enclosure to the south of Cush 2. The western entrance was 5.2m wide and was flanked by a facing of dry-stone masonry at its ditch terminals. Immediately within the enclosure, the entrance appears to have been defined by two pairs of postholes and the remains of a stone kerb set on the inner side of the bank. Several postholes were identified in the southern and south-eastern side of the interior and appear to have formed rectangular houses- the best defined having dimensions of 4.9m by 3.7m. On top of the inner bank a small cist-like feature- 0.50 by 0.38m- with a small amount of calcined bone was discovered, which the excavator interpreted as a hearth. A silted-up stonelined C-shaped souterrain was discovered in the northern half of the interior. A series of postholes in a hollow outside its southern opening were interpreted as a possible timber structure associated with the souterrain entrance. Finds from the site included half a greenish-yellow glass bead, iron spear-head, stone axe fragment, un-bored disc of a spindlewhorl, one loom weight, two stone-discs and a stone bracelet. Cush 4 consists of a univallate enclosure to the south of Cush 2. A hearth was located in the centre of the interior and a series of flat stones forming the base of a wall of a possible structure were uncovered to its north and east. A large, complex stone-lined souterrain was uncovered south of the hearth and the approach to its opening was defined by a series of postholes, interpreted as belonging to some form of entrance structure. Several postholes were uncovered between the hearth and the souterrain- as was further portions of walls- but no complete building plan could be identified. Finds from the souterrain included a light blue glass bead, three beads of dark blue glass and a bead of light blue glass. Other finds included bronze button or stud, bronze pin, three stone spindle-whorls, one stone bracelet and a stone pendant. Cush 5 consists of a bivallate enclosure- with preceding prehistoric burial activity- at the south end of the southern group. The western entrance of the enclosure was flanked on either side by two large postholes which probably formed part of an entrance gateway. Evidence for a kerb of stones at the external base of the inner bank- north of the entranceas well as the recovery of similar boulders in the fill of the inner ditch indicates some form of stone-facing along the external side of the inner bank. Successive phases of occupation were uncovered in the interior. The earliest house appears to have been a dry-stone-walled circular 425
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
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List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Page 45 and 46:
Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 57 and 58:
Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 67 and 68:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
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Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare The main and only major occup
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
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Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
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Cork Structure III was a small buil
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Cork to the southern flat area of t
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Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
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Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
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Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
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Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or
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Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
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Cork low-lying marshy location of S
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Cork replaced part of the waterfron
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Cork property boundaries were align
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Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
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Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
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Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
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Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
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Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
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Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
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Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
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Cork charred oat grains and one cha
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Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
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Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
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Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
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Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
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Cork It appears that the three sout
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Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
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Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
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Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
Page 376 and 377:
Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry nineteenth century and it is
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Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
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Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
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Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
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Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
Page 396 and 397: Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
Page 398 and 399: Kerry stones in the southeast and s
Page 400 and 401: Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
Page 402 and 403: Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
Page 405 and 406: Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
Page 407 and 408: Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
Page 409 and 410: Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
Page 411 and 412: Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
Page 413 and 414: Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
Page 415 and 416: Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
Page 417 and 418: Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
Page 419 and 420: Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
Page 421 and 422: Kilkenny A series of linear feature
Page 423 and 424: Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
Page 425 and 426: Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
Page 427 and 428: Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
Page 429 and 430: Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
Page 431 and 432: Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
Page 433 and 434: Limerick backfilled deposit. The me
Page 435 and 436: Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
Page 437 and 438: Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
Page 439 and 440: Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
Page 441 and 442: Limerick Finds from these houses an
Page 443 and 444: Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
Page 445: Limerick corner of the excavated ar
Page 449 and 450: Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
Page 451 and 452: Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
Page 453 and 454: Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
Page 455 and 456: Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
Page 457 and 458: Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
Page 459 and 460: Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 461 and 462: Limerick Two burials were uncovered
Page 463 and 464: Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
Page 465 and 466: Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
Page 467 and 468: Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
Page 469 and 470: Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
Page 471 and 472: Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
Page 473 and 474: Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 475 and 476: Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
Page 477 and 478: Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
Page 479 and 480: Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
Page 481 and 482: Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
Page 483 and 484: Louth Balriggan was a large multi-p
Page 485 and 486: Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
Page 487 and 488: Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
Page 489 and 490: Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
Page 491 and 492: Louth through the ditch showed that
Page 493 and 494: Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 495 and 496: Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
Page 497 and 498:
Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
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Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath was the burial of a horse’s
Page 535 and 536:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 537 and 538:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 541 and 542:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
Page 555 and 556:
Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath fragment and frequent flint i
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Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
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Meath Fifty two burials were reveal
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Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
Page 575 and 576:
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Meath Period II occupation probably
Page 579 and 580:
Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
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Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
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Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
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Meath populated with good grazing l
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath graves and were oriented slig
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Meath Immediately to the west was a
Page 593 and 594:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
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Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 599 and 600:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath Raystown included evidence of
Page 603 and 604:
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Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 611 and 612:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
Page 615 and 616:
Monaghan north-east of the inner en
Page 617 and 618:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620:
Offaly The early medieval crannog a
Page 621 and 622:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 623 and 624:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 625 and 626:
Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
Page 627 and 628:
Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
Page 629 and 630:
Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 633 and 634:
Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
Page 635 and 636:
Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
Page 637 and 638:
Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
Page 639 and 640:
Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
Page 641 and 642:
Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
Page 643 and 644:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 645 and 646:
Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
Page 647 and 648:
Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
Page 649 and 650:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 651 and 652:
Sligo Period III, a large mound of
Page 653 and 654:
Sligo (No plans were available for
Page 655 and 656:
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony pla
Page 657 and 658:
Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
Page 659 and 660:
Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
Page 661 and 662:
Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
Page 663 and 664:
Tipperary cemetery appears to have
Page 665 and 666:
Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
Page 667 and 668:
Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
Page 669 and 670:
Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
Page 671 and 672:
Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
Page 673 and 674:
Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
Page 675 and 676:
Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
Page 677 and 678:
Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
Page 679 and 680:
Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
Page 681 and 682:
Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
Page 683 and 684:
Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
Page 685 and 686:
Waterford The cave was inhabited so
Page 687 and 688:
Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Waterford The final phase of activi
Page 693 and 694:
Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
Page 695 and 696:
Waterford There are a growing numbe
Page 697 and 698:
Waterford reinforced by the additio
Page 699 and 700:
Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
Page 701 and 702:
Waterford Layers of dumped organic
Page 703 and 704:
Waterford At least fourteen plots w
Page 705 and 706:
Waterford Street and High Street is
Page 707 and 708:
Waterford excavated evidence was co
Page 709 and 710:
Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
Page 717 and 718:
Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
Page 719 and 720:
Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
Page 721 and 722:
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
Page 727 and 728:
Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
Page 735 and 736:
Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
Page 739 and 740:
Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
Page 741 and 742:
Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
Page 743 and 744:
Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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