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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limerick 1. Unenclosed Settlement 2. Early Medieval Settlement Enclosure Grid Ref: R644392 (16440/13920) SMR No: N/A Excavation Licence: 94E0101; 96E0249 Excavation Duration/year: 1994; 1996-1997 Site Director: R.M. Cleary (University College Cork) A large oval crop-mark enclosure was partially excavated at Ballynagallagh as part of a University College Cork research project and revealed occupational activity from the late sixth to twelfth century A.D. The site consisted of an initial late sixth/seventh-century unenclosed settlement of circular houses, followed slightly later by a late seventh/eighth-century fence and track-way which preceded a late-eighth/ninth century double palisaded enclosure and part of an eleventh-twelfth century enclosing ditch and track-way. A relatively small area was excavated (Fig. 199) and comprised two trenches across the western and south-western enclosing elements, and a section of the enclosure interior. The site is situated south of Lough Gur on level space of ground on a ridge at the western edge of a former lake, now known as the Red Bog. The earliest feature on the site consisted of a post-built circular houses (I) with an estimated diameter of 8m. This returned a 2Σ calibrated date of A.D. 570-674 from animal bone inside a post-hole. The northern arc of a second post-built circular house (II) was excavated to its west and had an estimated diameter of 4.5-5m. Its proximity to the other houses might suggest that both are roughly contemporary. A north-south linear trench was excavated beside the large circular house and may have supported a light fence-like structure set in a stony bedding trench. A post-hole from House I pre-dated the trench which returned a 2Σ calibrated date of A.D. 649-781 (highest probability), confirming that it was slightly later than the houses. Finds from this feature included chert, flint, a whetstone, stone axe fragment and a large quantity of animal bone (mostly cattle) interpreted as dump material from a nearby butchery site. A north-south stony track-way (2m wide) containing animal bone fragments, as well as chert and flint debitage, extended across the western end of trench 3. It was subsequently covered by another stony layer and may represent a re-metalling of the surface. The track pre-dated the phase II enclosure and produced a 2Σ calibrated date of A.D. 661-772 which indicates that it was roughly contemporary with the linear feature. A number of pits (0.25m deep) containing quantities of animal bone and charcoal fragments were recorded to the east of the linear trench and may have also been used as refuse dumps. Two were stone-lined and may have been used initially as storage areas. Animal bone from one pit produced a 2Σ calibrated date of A.D. 682-905, indicating that it was roughly contemporary or slightly later than the linear trench and north-south track-way. A large double palisaded enclosure with an extrapolated perimeter of 380m post-dated the circular houses and north-south linear fence and track-way. The double palisade was identified as two parallel north-south linear slot trenches (1.4m apart) with a number of large postholes cut into their base. Both palisades appear to have been contemporary and radiocarbon dates from the innermost places its construction between A.D. 765 and 897 (Fig. 200). The final early medieval phase consisted of two track-ways, a shallow ditch and pits. A northsouth shallow ditch and an adjacent eastern metalled track-way were excavated at the southern end of the western perimeter enclosure. The ditch was U-shaped in profile and was 1.75m wide and 0.75m deep. Animal bone fragments were recovered from the lowest 410
Limerick backfilled deposit. The metalled track-way was identified as a linear stony band (maximum of 3.30m by 9.25m) and animal bone from its upper level produced a 2Σ calibrated date of A.D. 1016-1179. Another stone track-way (2.80m wide) defined on its western edge by a stone setting (0.5- 0.8m wide) was identified inside the enclosure. This stone spread post-dated a partially excavated ditch feature (2.1m wide and over 0.75m deep). Animal bone from the fill of the pit/ditch produced a 2Σ calibrated date of A.D. 1032-1210 indicating that it was roughly contemporary with the stone spread. Another large undated pit (over 1m deep) contained a large quantity of animal bone suggesting that it was used as a dump in its final stages. The artefacts from the site were limited to stone and metal and included whet-, rubber- and hone-stones, a clay bead, curved lignite bracelet, possible lignite pendant, iron rods, copperalloy tube and a copper-alloy clip as well as a large flint and chert lithic assemblage. Evidence for iron/metalworking was indicated by a small quantity of iron slag (65g), a furnace bottom, a possible clay mould and two small fragments of fired clay, possibly from furnace lining. Cattle dominated the large faunal assemblage at the site and were followed by sheep, pig, wild bird, dog, frog, cat, horse and woodmouse in descending order. Butchery marks and the evidence for complete carcasses from the three main livestock animals indicate that slaughtering and butchery were carried out within the confines of the enclosure. Barley was the preferred cereal crop followed by oats and wheat. The large palisaded enclosure at Ballynagallagh is quite unique in the Irish archaeological record as early medieval ‘ringforts’ or ‘ráths’ are generally much smaller (Stout 1997, 15). A partially excavated oval-ditched enclosure (70m by 52m) at Killederdadrum, Co. Tipperary had evidence for internal circular structures, a deliberately backfilled ditch and a possible bank palisade; similar features which are also found at Ballynagallagh. Fig. 199: Plan of areas of excavation and magnetometry survey (after Cleary 2006, 4). 411
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
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List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 57 and 58:
Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 67 and 68:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
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Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare The main and only major occup
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
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Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
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Cork Structure III was a small buil
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Cork to the southern flat area of t
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Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
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Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
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Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
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Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or
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Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
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Cork low-lying marshy location of S
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Cork replaced part of the waterfron
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Cork property boundaries were align
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Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
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Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
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Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
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Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
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Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
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Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
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Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
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Cork charred oat grains and one cha
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Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
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Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
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Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
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Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
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Cork It appears that the three sout
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Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
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Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
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Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
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Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
Page 382 and 383: Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 384 and 385: Kerry nineteenth century and it is
Page 386 and 387: Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
Page 388 and 389: Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
Page 390 and 391: Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
Page 392 and 393: Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
Page 394 and 395: Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
Page 396 and 397: Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
Page 398 and 399: Kerry stones in the southeast and s
Page 400 and 401: Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
Page 402 and 403: Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
Page 405 and 406: Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
Page 407 and 408: Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
Page 409 and 410: Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
Page 411 and 412: Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
Page 413 and 414: Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
Page 415 and 416: Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
Page 417 and 418: Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
Page 419 and 420: Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
Page 421 and 422: Kilkenny A series of linear feature
Page 423 and 424: Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
Page 425 and 426: Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
Page 427 and 428: Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
Page 429 and 430: Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
Page 431: Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
Page 435 and 436: Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
Page 437 and 438: Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
Page 439 and 440: Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
Page 441 and 442: Limerick Finds from these houses an
Page 443 and 444: Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
Page 445 and 446: Limerick corner of the excavated ar
Page 447 and 448: Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the
Page 449 and 450: Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
Page 451 and 452: Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
Page 453 and 454: Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
Page 455 and 456: Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
Page 457 and 458: Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
Page 459 and 460: Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 461 and 462: Limerick Two burials were uncovered
Page 463 and 464: Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
Page 465 and 466: Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
Page 467 and 468: Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
Page 469 and 470: Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
Page 471 and 472: Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
Page 473 and 474: Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 475 and 476: Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
Page 477 and 478: Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
Page 479 and 480: Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
Page 481 and 482: Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Balriggan was a large multi-p
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Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
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Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
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Louth through the ditch showed that
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
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Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath was the burial of a horse’s
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
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Page 553 and 554:
Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath fragment and frequent flint i
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Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Page 569 and 570:
Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
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Meath Fifty two burials were reveal
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Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
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Meath Period II occupation probably
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Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
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Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
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Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
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Meath populated with good grazing l
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath graves and were oriented slig
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Meath Immediately to the west was a
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Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
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Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
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Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath Raystown included evidence of
Page 603 and 604:
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Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
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Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
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Monaghan north-east of the inner en
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Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620:
Offaly The early medieval crannog a
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Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
Page 627 and 628:
Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
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Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
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Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
Page 637 and 638:
Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
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Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
Page 641 and 642:
Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
Page 643 and 644:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
Page 647 and 648:
Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
Page 649 and 650:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 651 and 652:
Sligo Period III, a large mound of
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Sligo (No plans were available for
Page 655 and 656:
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony pla
Page 657 and 658:
Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
Page 659 and 660:
Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
Page 661 and 662:
Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
Page 663 and 664:
Tipperary cemetery appears to have
Page 665 and 666:
Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
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Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
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Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
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Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
Page 673 and 674:
Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
Page 675 and 676:
Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
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Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
Page 679 and 680:
Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
Page 681 and 682:
Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
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Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
Page 685 and 686:
Waterford The cave was inhabited so
Page 687 and 688:
Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690:
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Waterford The final phase of activi
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Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
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Waterford There are a growing numbe
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Waterford reinforced by the additio
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Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
Page 701 and 702:
Waterford Layers of dumped organic
Page 703 and 704:
Waterford At least fourteen plots w
Page 705 and 706:
Waterford Street and High Street is
Page 707 and 708:
Waterford excavated evidence was co
Page 709 and 710:
Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
Page 717 and 718:
Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
Page 719 and 720:
Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
Page 721 and 722:
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
Page 727 and 728:
Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
Page 735 and 736:
Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
Page 739 and 740:
Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
Page 741 and 742:
Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
Page 743 and 744:
Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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