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AR01055_EMAP_Gazetteer_of_Sites_4-2_10.pdf - The Heritage ...

AR01055_EMAP_Gazetteer_of_Sites_4-2_10.pdf - The Heritage ...

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Cork<br />

Fig. 68: Excavated areas on the South and North Islands (after Cleary & Hurley 2003, 2).<br />

Though the civitas on the South Island may have relied on the natural protection <strong>of</strong>fered by<br />

its island position, it is more probable that it contained defences <strong>of</strong> some form- wooden<br />

palisade, clay bank or stone wall- mentioned in early Anglo-Norman sources. That Robert<br />

FitzStephen and Milo de Cogan are said to have besieged Cork in A.D. 1177 might indicate<br />

that the city had fortifications (Bradley & Halpin 1993, 20). <strong>The</strong> early Anglo-Norman charters<br />

mention the ‘gate <strong>of</strong> Cork’ and burgages both within and without the walls (Bradley & Halpin<br />

1993, 20) which also imply that an area in Cork- the South Island? – had defences in the<br />

mid/late twelfth century.<br />

<strong>The</strong> excavations at Scandinavian Dublin and Waterford have produced considerable<br />

archaeological evidence for defensive enclosures and waterfront revetments. In contrast, the<br />

137

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