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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Medieval Settlement Enclosure Grid Ref: R82301190 (18230/11190) SMR No: N/A Excavation Licence: 03E1153 Excavation Duration/Year: November - December 2003 Site Director: M. Carroll (John Purcell Archaeological Consultancy) An excavation at Brigown in advance of a residential development partially revealed the western outer limits of a possible enclosure with extensive evidence for metalworking waste at its north-western end. Several other pits and linear features were also excavated in its interior and exterior though most could not be stratigraphically linked to each other or to the larger enclosing ditches. The site is bordered on its south-eastern side by a tributary of the Gradoge River and an early monastery (‘Brigown’) with a church, holy well. A round tower is located 400m to the north-west, and St. Finnchu’s stone, a large millstone (probably a horizontal mill runner stone), is located within the tributary of the Gradoge River close to the southern corner of the site. The Book of Lismore records the place-name ‘Bri-gobh-unn’ translated by Joyce (1870, 34) as the ‘bree’ or hill of the smith (‘gobha’). Power (1980, 13) attributes this name to St. Finnchu and states that it was named in honour of the seven master smiths who worked there. Interestingly, the excavation uncovered large quantities of metal slag. Two large curving ditches, bisected by a large linear ditch, appear to have formed part of an enclosure. The curvature of the two ditches suggests that the dimensions of the original enclosure were quite substantial, possibly measuring 40-50m in diameter (Fig. 63). No evidence for an associated bank was uncovered though a curving field boundary was depicted in the First Edition O.S. map in the general area of the excavated ditch and may represent a portion of the bank. The main enclosure ditch (maximum dimensions of 17.8m in length, 2.3m in width and 1.5m in depth) included fills of charcoal and slag-rich deposits. This was bisected by a linear ditch (maximum dimensions of 3.5m wide and 1.33m deep), which was in turn cut by a shallow ditch. No finds or animal bone were recovered from any of these ditches. A curving linear trench was excavated in the southern half of the site inside and parallel to the enclosing ditch. It was interpreted as a palisade trench, although no stakeholes and only one posthole was recovered from its base. The northern end of the feature was cut by a ditch and there was no evidence for a continuation of the trench in the northern half of the site. A possible entrance feature was located at the south end of the site and was defined by the terminus of the southern ditch and a large shallow pit, 0.8m further east. The possible palisade trench terminated 1.2m south of the ditch terminal and may have formed part of a defended entrance feature. Several pits and linear features were located outside the enclosure ditches. Those pits and linear features to the west of the northern section of the enclosing ditch contained large quantities of charcoal and slag and may have been utilized for the dumping of waste or byproducts associated with metalworking. Charcoal and slag was relatively absent from those features to the west of the southern enclosing section. Several pits, linear features and a possible posthole were excavated in the interior of the possible enclosure. There was no direct evidence for the process of metalworking inside the enclosure though two small pits displayed evidence for in situ burning. One small bowl-shaped pit with evidence for in situ burning was interpreted as a possible pit-furnace used for iron smelting. The substantial quantity of slag and charcoal at the north-western end of the site indicates that metalworking was undertaken on or in the vicinity of the enclosure however no 126
Cork diagnostic furnace bottoms, or tuyères fragments were recovered from any of the excavated features within or outside the possible enclosure. There was no direct evidence for the occupation of the enclosure in the form of houses, structural features or hearths though such evidence might be located further east in the monuments interior. No artefactual dating evidence was recovered and the excavated features were devoid of finds or faunal remains. The charcoal from the excavated features was too highly contaminated to provide a radiocarbon date though an early medieval date was suggested for the site. Fig. 63: Plan of excavation at Brigown, Co. Cork (after Carroll 2005). References: Carroll, M. 2003:0178. Brigown, Co. Cork. www. excavations.ie Carroll, M. 2005. Archaeological Excavation at Brigown, Mitchelstown, Co. Cork (03E1153). Unpublished report for John Purcell Archaeological Consultancy. O’Callaghan, N. 2003a. Test Excavation and Monitoring Report, Brigown, Mitchelstown, Co. Cork (03E0972). Unpublished Report for Eachtra. O’Callaghan, N. 2003b. Archaeological Excavation Report, Brigown, Mitchelstown, Co. Cork (03E1153). Unpublished Report for Eachtra. 127
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EARLY MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents Flemington, Co. D
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Table of Contents Castlefarm, Co. M
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 91: Plan of en
Page 13 and 14:
List of Figures Fig. 179: Plan of t
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List of Figures Fig. 269: Map of Cl
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Introduction 1. Introduction EMAP i
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Introduction commonly known by a pa
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Introduction Acknowledgments We wou
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County Antrim Fig. 1: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 3: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Armoy (Glebe td.), Co. Antri
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Antrim southward (e.g. 2004-2005 se
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Antrim represent a pendant or perso
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Armoy showin
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 10: Plan of Ballymacash
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Page 45 and 46:
Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 14: Plan of enclosures
Page 49 and 50:
Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 16: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 57 and 58:
Antrim Fig. 18: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 21: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 67 and 68:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 25: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 26: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim 53
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Antrim References: Harper, A. E. T.
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Antrim ‘Larrybane’ (Knocksoghey
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Antrim Fig. 33: Plan of excavated a
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Antrim Fig. 35: Phase 1 roundhouse
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Antrim Fig. 36: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of Seacash, Co
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Antrim Shane’s Castle Park, Co. A
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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 39: Signi
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Armagh Fig. 40: Early Medieval exca
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Armagh Fig. 42: Excavations at Abbe
Page 97 and 98: Armagh Derry More, Co. Armagh Early
Page 99 and 100: Armagh Fig. 45: ‘Figure-of-eight
Page 101 and 102: Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
Page 103 and 104: Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
Page 105 and 106: Clare Fig. 48: Plan of excavated ar
Page 107 and 108: Clare The Harvard excavators identi
Page 109 and 110: Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
Page 111 and 112: Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 113 and 114: Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
Page 115 and 116: Clare were associated with glass fr
Page 117 and 118: Clare The main and only major occup
Page 119 and 120: Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
Page 121 and 122: Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
Page 123 and 124: Clare Medieval Activity Significant
Page 125 and 126: Clare Fig. 54: Excavated areas of I
Page 127 and 128: Clare Fig. 55: Plan showing enclosu
Page 129 and 130: Clare Fig. 56: Plan of Thady’s Fo
Page 131 and 132: Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
Page 133 and 134: Cork Ballycatteen Fort, Co. Cork Ea
Page 135 and 136: Cork Fig. 59: Plan of Ballycatteen,
Page 137 and 138: Cork Structure III was a small buil
Page 139 and 140: Cork to the southern flat area of t
Page 141 and 142: Cork L-shaped enclosure Beta-165323
Page 143 and 144: Cork Fig. 61: Plan of St. Gobnet’
Page 145 and 146: Cork Fig. 62: Plan of enclosure and
Page 147: Cork layer of charcoal. The layer o
Page 152 and 153: Cork Fig. 64: Plan of primary phase
Page 154 and 155: Cork Fig. 65: Plan of excavations a
Page 156 and 157: Cork The following is based on gene
Page 158 and 159: Cork Fig. 67: Plan of Scandinavian
Page 160 and 161: Cork low-lying marshy location of S
Page 162 and 163: Cork replaced part of the waterfron
Page 164 and 165: Cork property boundaries were align
Page 166 and 167: Cork and smaller plots. Type 4 buil
Page 168 and 169: Cork The remains of a Type 6 sill-b
Page 170 and 171: Cork References: Bradley, J., & Hal
Page 172 and 173: Cork Lennon, A. M. 2003. Grattan St
Page 174 and 175: Cork the point of a copper-alloy st
Page 176 and 177: Cork Garryduff I & II, Garryduff, C
Page 178 and 179: Cork Fig. 73: Plan of excavation at
Page 180 and 181: Cork charred oat grains and one cha
Page 182 and 183: Cork Lisduggan North 1, 2 & 3, Co.
Page 184 and 185: Cork Lisleagh II, Co. Cork Early Me
Page 186 and 187: Cork ‘Lisnacaheragh Fort’ (Garr
Page 188 and 189: Cork Fig. 77: Plan of Garranes, Co.
Page 190 and 191: Cork It appears that the three sout
Page 192 and 193: Cork Oldcourt, Co. Cork Early Medie
Page 194 and 195: Cork Park North, Midleton, Co. Cork
Page 196 and 197: Cork Raheens I, Co. Cork Early Medi
Page 198 and 199:
Cork Raheens II, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Skahanagh North, Co. Cork Earl
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Donegal County Donegal Fig. 83: Sig
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Donegal Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal Early
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Donegal Fig. 86: Plan of ‘byre-ho
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Down County Down Fig. 88: Significa
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Down Fig. 89: Excavated areas at Ba
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Down Castleskreen Co. Down Early Me
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Down Fig. 93: Aerial photograph of
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 97: Structures in South P
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Down Fig. 98: Plan of Dunnyneill Is
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Down Gransha, Co. Down Early Mediev
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Down Lough Faughan Crannog (Ballyro
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Down Movilla Abbey, Co. Down Early
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Down Two medieval wells were excava
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Down Rathmullan Lower, Co. Down Ear
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Down Fig. 104: Plan of Phase 1 at R
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Down Tullylish, Co. Down Early Medi
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Down ‘White Fort’ (Drumaroad td
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Dublin Ballycullen, Old Court, Co.
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Dublin Ballynakelly, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Areas’ D and E were simila
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Dublin Barnageeragh, Co. Dublin Ear
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Dublin Fig. 110: Settlement Enclosu
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 113: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin Also, 55 E ware sherds, from
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Dublin ‘Dun Emer’, Lusk, Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 117: Dun Emer Reconstru
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Dublin Flemington, Co. Dublin Early
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin Fig. 120: Plan of Lusk (Afte
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Dublin Temple Bar West Grid referen
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Dublin Fig. 122: Plan of ninth-cent
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Dublin Fig. 124: Plan of eleventh-c
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Dublin century, was 2.5m wide and 0
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Dublin Fig. 126: Plan of ‘road’
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Dublin Murray’s (1983, 43-57) stu
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Dublin Fig. 131: Plan of Type 5 Hou
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Dublin Two structures (‘E’ and
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Dublin Simpson, L. 1999. Director's
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Dublin Fig. 132: Aerial photograph
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Dublin The final phase was associat
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Dublin Rosepark, Co. Dublin 1. Earl
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Dublin Fig. 135: Phase II at Rosepa
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Dublin ‘St Gobban’, Kilgobbin,
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Dublin St Michael le Pole Ecclesias
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Dublin and significantly, the archa
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Dublin accurate, it further points
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Fermanagh County Fermanagh Fig. 141
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Fermanagh and measured approximatel
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Fermanagh Fig. 142: Schematic Plan
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Fermanagh Fig. 143: Enclosure at Bo
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Fermanagh Fig. 144: Excavated area
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Fermanagh Fig. 146: Plan of Lisdoo,
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Galway County Galway Fig. 148: Sign
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Galway Fig. 150: Plan of corner of
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Galway Fig. 151: Plan of enclosure
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Galway UB-7433 Adult female 954±31
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 153: Plan of early medi
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Galway Fig. 154: Cells and church a
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Galway isolated trench immediately
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Galway from the early medieval peri
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 159: Excavated area at
Page 344 and 345:
Kerry County Kerry Fig. 160: Signif
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Kerry Radiocarbon dates support thi
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Kerry screen) that demarcated the c
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Kerry Ballyegan, Co. Kerry Early Me
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Kerry Beginish, Co. Kerry Early Med
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Kerry Fig. 163: Plan of House 1 at
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Kerry width) appears to have origin
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Kerry The fifteenth- to seventeenth
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Kerry Caherlehillan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry 1996a, 1999b, 2000). This lat
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Kerry References Doyle, I. 2009. Me
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Kerry Church Island (Ballycarbery W
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Kerry included two hammer-stones, p
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Kerry Fig. 169: Plan of House 2, Ch
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Kerry Fig. 170: Plan of Clogher, Co
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Kerry A number of finds possibly as
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Kerry Fig. 171: Plan of cave at Clo
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Kerry Coarhabeg, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry Dromthacker, Co. Kerry Early
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry nineteenth century and it is
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Kerry Fig. 177: Plan of rampart and
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Kerry Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry Earl
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Kerry Fig. 179: Plan of the Phase 1
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Kerry ‘Leacanabuaile’ (Kimego W
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Kerry Fig. 181: Plan of Leacanabuil
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Kerry Fig. 182: Aerial photograph o
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Kerry stones in the southeast and s
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Kerry surviving to a height of 0.90
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Kerry Fig. 185: Plan of Structures
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare close to Structure 1. It co
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Kildare ‘Maynooth Castle’ (Mayn
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Kildare Narraghmore, Co. Kildare Ea
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Kildare Pollardstown, Co. Kildare E
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (5), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Dunbell Big (6), Co. Kilke
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Kilkenny Reference: Murthagh, B. 19
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Kilkenny A series of linear feature
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Kilkenny Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny Ear
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Laois County Laois Fig. 195: Signif
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Laois Fig. 196: Features at Parknah
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Limerick County Limerick Fig. 197:
Page 431 and 432:
Limerick Fig. 198: Plan of house fo
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Limerick backfilled deposit. The me
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille I’ (Lou
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Limerick ‘Carraig Aille II’ (Lo
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Limerick Fig. 202: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick Finds from these houses an
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Limerick Fig. 204: Excavated featur
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Limerick corner of the excavated ar
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Limerick the ‘enclosure’ is the
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Limerick was faced with stone. Ther
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Limerick Grange, Co. Limerick Early
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Limerick Fig. 207: Excavated areas
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Limerick no wattle- or postholes an
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Limerick Newtown, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Two burials were uncovered
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Limerick Sluggary, Co. Limerick Ear
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Londonderry County Londonderry Fig.
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Londonderry Fig. 214: Plan of house
Page 469 and 470:
Londonderry Fig. 215: Early medieva
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Londonderry Magheramenagh, Co. Lond
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Longford Aghadegnan, Co. Longford E
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Longford References: Carroll, J. 19
Page 479 and 480:
Louth Balgatheran 1, Co. Louth Earl
Page 481 and 482:
Louth Balriggan, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Balriggan was a large multi-p
Page 485 and 486:
Louth Carn More, Co. Louth Early Me
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Louth Faughart Lower, Co. Louth Ear
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Louth 65-82. Dublin. National Roads
Page 491 and 492:
Louth through the ditch showed that
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 224: Detailed plan of ho
Page 497 and 498:
Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 227: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 507 and 508:
Louth Fig. 229: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 230: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 513 and 514:
Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 515 and 516:
Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 234: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 237: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 238: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 241: Signif
Page 529 and 530:
Meath Fig. 242: Plan of excavations
Page 531 and 532:
Meath Fig. 243: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath was the burial of a horse’s
Page 535 and 536:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 537 and 538:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 541 and 542:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 246: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 549 and 550:
Meath The Phase III enclosure consi
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Meath Fig. 249: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 250: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath fragment and frequent flint i
Page 561 and 562:
Meath Fig. 252: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Page 569 and 570:
Meath Kells, Co. Meath Early Mediev
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Meath Fifty two burials were reveal
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Meath Knowth, Co. Meath 1. Early Me
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Meath Period II occupation probably
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Meath References: Comber, M. 1997.
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Meath Fig. 258: Plan of enclosure a
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Meath Phase W was occupied c. A.D.
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Meath populated with good grazing l
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath graves and were oriented slig
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Meath Immediately to the west was a
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Meath Kelly, E. P. 1976:020. Randal
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Meath miscellaneous scraps of metal
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
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Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath Raystown included evidence of
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Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 263: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 611 and 612:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 264:
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Monaghan north-east of the inner en
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Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 619 and 620:
Offaly The early medieval crannog a
Page 621 and 622:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 625 and 626:
Offaly A later roundhouse (7m diame
Page 627 and 628:
Offaly Fig. 269: Map of Clonmacnois
Page 629 and 630:
Offaly Manning, C. 1995. Clonmacnoi
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon Lennon, A-M. & Henry, M.
Page 635 and 636:
Roscommon Grid Ref: M78818268 (1788
Page 637 and 638:
Roscommon Fig. 272: Summary of 2004
Page 639 and 640:
Sligo ‘Grange West’ (inc. Bally
Page 641 and 642:
Sligo Sample No. Context 14 C Date
Page 643 and 644:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 645 and 646:
Sligo Fig. 277: Plan of Promontory
Page 647 and 648:
Sligo Magheraboy, Co. Sligo Early M
Page 649 and 650:
Sligo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 651 and 652:
Sligo Period III, a large mound of
Page 653 and 654:
Sligo (No plans were available for
Page 655 and 656:
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony pla
Page 657 and 658:
Tipperary Bowling Green, Co. Tipper
Page 659 and 660:
Tipperary Cormac’s Chapel, St. Pa
Page 661 and 662:
Tipperary ‘Killederdadrum’ (Lac
Page 663 and 664:
Tipperary cemetery appears to have
Page 665 and 666:
Tipperary Fig. 284: Features excava
Page 667 and 668:
Tipperary Fig. 285: Plan of hut at
Page 669 and 670:
Tyrone Altanagh, Co. Tyrone Early M
Page 671 and 672:
Tyrone Clogher (Clogher Demesne td.
Page 673 and 674:
Tyrone UB-844 Charcoal with iron sm
Page 675 and 676:
Tyrone Fig. 290: Excavated area at
Page 677 and 678:
Tyrone Killyliss, Co. Tyrone Early
Page 679 and 680:
Tyrone Fig. 294: Section through di
Page 681 and 682:
Tyrone Fig. 295: Excavated features
Page 683 and 684:
Waterford Ballykilmurry, Co. Waterf
Page 685 and 686:
Waterford The cave was inhabited so
Page 687 and 688:
Waterford Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Waterford The final phase of activi
Page 693 and 694:
Waterford Hiberno-Scandinavian Wate
Page 695 and 696:
Waterford There are a growing numbe
Page 697 and 698:
Waterford reinforced by the additio
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Waterford 1989; Scully 1990). If th
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Waterford Layers of dumped organic
Page 703 and 704:
Waterford At least fourteen plots w
Page 705 and 706:
Waterford Street and High Street is
Page 707 and 708:
Waterford excavated evidence was co
Page 709 and 710:
Waterford Structures were uncovered
Page 711 and 712:
Waterford An excavation at the corn
Page 713 and 714:
Waterford considerable assemblage o
Page 715 and 716:
Waterford al.]; editors: Terry Barr
Page 717 and 718:
Waterford Scully, O. 1992:175. Pete
Page 719 and 720:
Waterford Woodstown 6, Co. Waterfor
Page 721 and 722:
Waterford Stratified rotary sharpen
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
Westmeath County Westmeath Fig. 312
Page 727 and 728:
Westmeath leather, lignite, bone an
Page 729 and 730:
Westmeath were tilting dramatically
Page 731 and 732:
Westmeath Fig. 313: Aerial photogra
Page 733 and 734:
Westmeath structure. Further eviden
Page 735 and 736:
Westmeath Towards the end of the si
Page 737 and 738:
Westmeath Fig. 314: Plan of enclosu
Page 739 and 740:
Westmeath ‘Uisneach’ (Rathnew t
Page 741 and 742:
Wexford County Wexford Fig. 317: Si
Page 743 and 744:
Wicklow County Wicklow Fig. 319: Si
Page 745 and 746:
Wicklow Fig. 320: Plan of sub-recta
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