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Armagh County Armagh Fig. 38: Significant early medieval excavations in Co. Armagh. 1 Armagh 3 Dressogagh 2 Derry More 4 Terryhoogan 60
Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co. Armagh Early Medieval Ecclesiastical Settlement. Grid Ref: H87444511 (28744/34511) SMR No: ARM 012:066 Excavation Licence: N/A Excavation Duration/Year: June – September 1968; December 1979 – January 1980; September – December 1990 & March – April 1991; February – April 1992. Site Directors: C. Gaskell-Brown & A. E. T. Harper (Historic Monuments Branch, Ministry of Finance); C. J. Lynn (Historic Monuments Branch, Department of the Environment (NI)); N. Crothers (Archaeological Development Services Ltd.); D. P. Hurl (Environment & Heritage Service, Department of the Environment (NI)) The streets around the cathedral of St Patrick’s in Armagh have been the subject of a number of excavations which uncovered evidence for early medieval settlement within the early ecclesiastical enclosure (Fig. 38). Excavations at Castle Street in 1968 revealed a substantial V-shaped ditch which had been modified at least twice (Fig. 39). The earliest phase ended when material from an outer bank was used to partially in-fill the ditch – the remains of two human burials were included in this fill; and evidence for bronze working (metal fragments, crucibles and ingot moulds) were found in the layers above and below the human remains. By the end of the early medieval period the ditch appears to have been used as a rubbish dump for industrial activity ongoing on site – crucibles, clay moulds, trial pieces and enamel were all found in this area. A stone causeway was built next to the ditch at this time, and three post-holes associated with this have been interpreted as a possible fence. A number of pits uncovered within the enclosure near this causeway appear to have industrial (or possible domestic) function. Finds from one pit (F) included a bronze pin engraved with birds, a jet bracelet and souterrain ware. A possible workshop (G) was uncovered, and it produced industrial finds, such as enamel stick and iron shears, and imported material (Eware sherds and part of a Teutonic glass cone-beaker). The remains of a wattle-and-daub structure were also excavated (D), which may have acted as a wind-break for the workshop area. Excavations throughout the 1970s and 1980s in the Scotch Street area revealed evidence for a large early medieval cemetery, as well as industrial debris (lignite, glass and amber working), and some settlement evidence (souterrain ware and some possible structural features). Excavations at Upper English Street uncovered the terminals of a ditch, sealed by a layer which contained sherds of souterrain ware, and cut into by a second ditch (which contained sherds of everted-rim ware). Industrial activity was identified in the form of metalworking (slag, crucibles and furnace bottoms), and a series of post-holes, stake-holes and hollows may be representative of structures. A ring-ditch which contained slag and charcoal was excavated at Abbey Street (Fig. 40). This was radiocarbon dated to the eighthto tenth-century. Over 2000 sherds of pottery were recovered from this excavation, of which 68 were identified as souterrain ware or everted-rim ware. Although substantial evidence for industrial activity (iron-working, bronze-working, ligniteworking, glass-working, enamel-working, and amber-working) has been uncovered in these excavations, there is very little archaeological evidence for early medieval settlement. Continuous occupation on the hill in Armagh appears to have significantly truncated and destroyed the remains of earlier settlement. 61
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
Page 23 and 24:
Introduction (commonly referred to
Page 25 and 26:
Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
Page 31 and 32:
Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 35 and 36: Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
Page 37 and 38: Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
Page 39 and 40: Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 41 and 42: Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
Page 43 and 44: Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
Page 45 and 46: Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
Page 47 and 48: Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
Page 49 and 50: Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
Page 53 and 54: Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
Page 55 and 56: Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
Page 57 and 58: Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
Page 59 and 60: Antrim The mound was subsequently r
Page 63 and 64: Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
Page 65 and 66: Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
Page 67 and 68: Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
Page 69 and 70: Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
Page 71 and 72: Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
Page 73 and 74: Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
Page 75 and 76: Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
Page 77 and 78: Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
Page 79 and 80: Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
Page 81 and 82: Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
Page 85: Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
Page 89 and 90: Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
Page 91 and 92: Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
Page 93 and 94: Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
Page 95 and 96: Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
Page 97 and 98: Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
Page 99 and 100: Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
Page 101 and 102: Clare The Harvard excavators identi
Page 103 and 104: Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
Page 105 and 106: Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 107 and 108: Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
Page 109 and 110: Clare were associated with glass fr
Page 111 and 112: Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
Page 113 and 114: Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
Page 115 and 116: Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
Page 117 and 118: Clare Medieval Activity Significant
Page 119 and 120: Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
Page 121 and 122: Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
Page 123 and 124: Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
Page 125 and 126: Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
Page 127 and 128: Cork shape was not able to be infer
Page 129 and 130: Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
Page 131 and 132: Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
Page 133 and 134: Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
Page 135 and 136: Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
Page 158 and 159:
Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 164 and 165:
Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
Page 166 and 167:
Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 170 and 171:
Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
Page 180 and 181:
Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
Page 194 and 195:
Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
Page 202 and 203:
Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
Page 276 and 277:
Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
Page 278 and 279:
Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 280 and 281:
Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
Page 284 and 285:
Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
Page 350 and 351:
Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
Page 358 and 359:
Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
Page 368 and 369:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 370 and 371:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
Page 374 and 375:
Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
Page 378 and 379:
Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 418 and 419:
Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
Page 422 and 423:
Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427:
Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429:
Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431:
Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
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Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
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Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
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Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 438 and 439:
Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 440 and 441:
Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447:
Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 448 and 449:
Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 452 and 453:
Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
Page 454 and 455:
Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
Page 456 and 457:
Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459:
Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461:
Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463:
Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465:
Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467:
Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469:
Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471:
Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 472 and 473:
Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475:
Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 478 and 479:
Meath possibly a foundation deposit
Page 480 and 481:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 484 and 485:
Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 488 and 489:
Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
Page 490 and 491:
Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493:
Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495:
Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501:
Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
Page 502 and 503:
Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 504 and 505:
Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507:
Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521:
Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525:
Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
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Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529:
Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531:
Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533:
Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535:
Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539:
Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
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Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557:
Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559:
Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563:
Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571:
Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573:
Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575:
Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579:
Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581:
Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583:
Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585:
Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587:
Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
Page 588 and 589:
Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591:
Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 592 and 593:
Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595:
Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597:
Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
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Tipperary saw the building of the p
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Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
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Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
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Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607:
Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623:
Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627:
Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629:
Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631:
Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635:
Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639:
Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643:
Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653:
Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671:
Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
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Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
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Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679:
Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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